{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:30:56Z","timestamp":1783740656486,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Project","award":["21511104500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21511104500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Using data and data technologies to support healthcare has drawn significant attention recently. While CSCW and HCI have largely celebrated the tremendous promise of 'data-driven healthcare' in reforming the healthcare sector, this paper reveals 'labor-driven reality' of this promised data-driven future. Drawing from a qualitative study in a real-world data-driven long-term care (LTC) facility in China, we demonstrate how data-driven technologies work in practice, and especially how frontline workers, as the crux of this data-driven configuration, conduct a tremendous amount of \"data work\" to make data-drivenness work. This data work, we argue, goes beyond the \"clerical work\" and functions as a labor of maintenance, articulation, and repair, that both guarantees data technologies' functionalities and acts as an interface between stakeholders. We conclude by discussing the practices, problems and opportunities of this data work in a boarder socio-cultural context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3579475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T17:23:07Z","timestamp":1681665787000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Data Work of Frontline Care Workers: Practices, Problems, and Opportunities in the Context of Data-Driven Long-Term Care"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuling","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Lindtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4723-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"AARP. 2015. Caregiving in the U.S. https:\/\/www.aarp.org\/content\/dam\/aarp\/ppi\/2015\/caregiving-in-the-us-research-report-2015.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1749-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The end of theory: The data deluge makes the scientific method obsolete. Wired magazine 16, 7","author":"Anderson Chris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chris Anderson. 2008. The end of theory: The data deluge makes the scientific method obsolete. Wired magazine 16, 7 (2008), 16--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2450362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219864730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Caregiver Shortage Could Mean 7.8 Million Unfilled Jobs By","author":"Bryant Bailey","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bailey Bryant. 2019. Caregiver Shortage Could Mean 7.8 Million Unfilled Jobs By 2026. https:\/\/homehealth-carenews.com\/2019\/01\/caregiver-shortage-could-mean-7--8-million-unfilled-jobs-by-2026\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300865"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Caregiver shortage reaches critical stage","volume":"43","author":"Chew Cassiem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cassiem Chew. 2017. Caregiver shortage reaches critical stage. Provider 43 (2017), 14--28.","journal-title":"Provider"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"The 14th Five-Year Plan and the Vision 2035 of China. https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/202103\/t20210323_1270124.html?code=&state=123","author":"China General Office","unstructured":"General Office of China. 2021. The 14th Five-Year Plan and the Vision 2035 of China. https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/202103\/t20210323_1270124.html?code=&state=123."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Winifred Poster and Miriam Cherry (Ed.)","author":"Crain Marion","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marion Crain, Winifred Poster and Miriam Cherry (Ed.). 2016. Invisible labor: Hidden work in the contemporary world. Univ of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Critiquing Big Data: Politics, ethics, epistemology| special section introduction","volume":"8","author":"Crawford Kate","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kate Crawford, Maryl Gray and Kate Miltner. 2014. Critiquing Big Data: Politics, ethics, epistemology| special section introduction. International Journal of Communication 8 (2014), 10.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v12i2.4776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"An overview of long-term care","volume":"6","author":"Doty Pamela","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pamela Doty, Korbin Liu and Joshua Wiener. 1985. An overview of long-term care. Health Care Financing Review (Health Care Financ Rev) 6, 3 (1985), 69.","journal-title":"Health Care Financing Review (Health Care Financ Rev)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Emerging theories of care work. Annual Review of Sociology (Annu","volume":"31","author":"England Paula","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paula England. 2005. Emerging theories of care work. Annual Review of Sociology (Annu. Rev. Sociol.) 31 (2005), 381--399.","journal-title":"Rev. Sociol.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745--7599.2008.00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180437d87"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Communication, mediation, and the expectations of data: Data valences across health and wellness communities","volume":"9","author":"Fiore-Gartland Brittany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brittany Fiore-Gartland and Gina Neff. 2015. Communication, mediation, and the expectations of data: Data valences across health and wellness communities. International Journal of Communication 9 (2015), 19.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173653"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Hadi Kharrazi and Jonathanp Weiner","author":"Gamache Roland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roland Gamache, Hadi Kharrazi and Jonathanp Weiner. 2018. Public and population health informatics: the bridging of big data to benefit communities. Yearbook of medical informatics 27, 01 (2018), 199--206."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Barney Glaser (Ed.). 1978. Theoretical sensitivity: advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Sage Publications CA USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Ketan Shankardass and Sandro Galea, et al","author":"Gruebner Oliver","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oliver Gruebner, Martin Sykora, Sarahr Lowe, Ketan Shankardass and Sandro Galea, et al. 2017. Big data opportunities for social behavioral and mental health research. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2878254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2617574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/240080.240342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2020.1733842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1373151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Data mining in healthcare: decision making and precision","volume":"6","author":"Ionut Taranu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taranu Ionut. 2016. Data mining in healthcare: decision making and precision. Database Systems Journal 6, 4 (2016), 33--40.","journal-title":"Database Systems Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Pseudoarbejde: Hvordan vi fik travlt med at lave ingenting. Gyldendal Business.","author":"Jensen Andersfogh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersfogh Jensen and Dennis Normark (Ed.). 2018. Pseudoarbejde: Hvordan vi fik travlt med at lave ingenting. Gyldendal Business."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0900592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Jacqueline LaPointe. 2020. Long-Term Care Demand to Double Despite Workforce Constraints. https:\/\/revcycleintelligence.com\/news\/long-term-care-demand-to-double-despite-workforce-constraints."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2015.259109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027587094001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12749"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM.2014.6999219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Peer: Happiness Labor and the Microworld of Innovation. Prototype Nation","author":"Lindtner Silvia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silvia Lindtner. (Ed.). 2020. Seeing Like a Peer: Happiness Labor and the Microworld of Innovation. Prototype Nation, Princeton University Press, 144--171."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479596"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2016.1143726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Who Does the Work of Data? Health Matters","author":"Moller Naja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naja Moller and Trine Nielsen. 2020. Who Does the Work of Data? Health Matters (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1353652"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Lifetimes News. 2017. China's pension pressure is fifth in the world. http:\/\/cpc.people.com.cn\/n1\/2017\/0221\/c64387--29095133.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3432955"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Renmin News. 2021. General Office of the State Council of China. Building Full-coverage High-quality Professional and Sustainable Ageing Care Facilities to Cope with Ageing Boom. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2021-04\/01\/content_5597224.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Renmin News. 2020. Technologies Supported Chinese Ageing Care. http:\/\/www.stdaily.com\/cehua\/qzcyj\/2020--10\/20\/content_1030006.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Xinhua News. 2020. We need more caregivers. http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/politics\/2020-09\/03\/c_1126446000.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Renmin News. 2021. Building Full-coverage High-quality Professional and Sustainable Ageing Care Facilities to Cope with Ageing Boom. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2021-04\/01\/content_5597224.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2019.8791885"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Long-term care. Handbook of health economics 1","author":"Norton Edwardc","year":"2000","unstructured":"Edwardc Norton. 2000. Long-term care. Handbook of health economics 1 (2000), 955--994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2015. China country assessment report on ageing and health. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/194271\/9789241509312_eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/noncommunicable-diseases#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102116-041244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353500010003004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taking CSCW seriously. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)","volume":"1","author":"Schmidt K","year":"1992","unstructured":"K Schmidt and L Bannon. 1992. Taking CSCW seriously. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). An International Journal. 1, 1--2 (1992), 7--40.","journal-title":"An International Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-016-0215-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1806949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2009.0535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucy Suchman. 1996. Supporting articulation work.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415040-9.50118-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD49262.2021.9437812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11310280-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Today's continuing care retirement community (CCRC). CCRC Task Force","author":"Zarem Janee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janee Zarem. 2010. Today's continuing care retirement community (CCRC). CCRC Task Force, American Seniors Housing Association (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2018.8465191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753592"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3579475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3579475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1750182684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3579475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3579475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3579475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}