{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T08:58:58Z","timestamp":1773737938102,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599815","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T14:13:58Z","timestamp":1691158438000},"page":"4778-4786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["End-to-End Query Term Weighting"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8788-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karan","family":"Samel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2201-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weize","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5334-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1130-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaleen","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9280-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swaraj","family":"Khadanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7187-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wensong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2712-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1013-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashyap","family":"Kolipaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bendersky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Najork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Mountain View, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Giambattista Amati. 2003. Probability models for information retrieval based on divergence from randomness Ph. D. Ph.D. Dissertation. thesis. University of Glasgow."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"SparTerm: Learning term-based sparse representation for fast text retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.00768","author":"Bai Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Bai, Xiaoguang Li, Gang Wang, Chaoliang Zhang, Lifeng Shang, Jun Xu, Zhaowei Wang, Fangshan Wang, and Qun Liu. 2020. SparTerm: Learning term-based sparse representation for fast text retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.00768 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"Payal Bajaj Daniel Campos Nick Craswell Li Deng Jianfeng Gao Xiaodong Liu Rangan Majumder Andrew McNamara Bhaskar Mitra Tri Nguyen et al. 2016. Ms marco: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.09268 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348283.2348408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718487.1718492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2009916.2009998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2124295.2124349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99736-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"SPLADE v2: Sparse lexical and expansion model for information retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.10086","author":"Formal Thibault","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thibault Formal, Carlos Lassance, Benjamin Piwowarski, and St\u00e9phane Clinchant. 2021a. SPLADE v2: Sparse lexical and expansion model for information retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.10086 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"COIL: Revisit exact lexical match in information retrieval with contextualized inverted list. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.07186","author":"Gao Luyu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luyu Gao, Zhuyun Dai, and Jamie Callan. 2021. COIL: Revisit exact lexical match in information retrieval with contextualized inverted list. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.07186 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 1319--1327","author":"Goodfellow Ian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ian Goodfellow, David Warde-Farley, Mehdi Mirza, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2013. Maxout networks. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 1319--1327."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2019.2921572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130348.3130376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Loshchilov Ilya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. 2019. Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"CoRR abs\/2005.00181","author":"Luan Yi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yi Luan, Jacob Eisenstein, Kristina Toutanova, and Michael Collins. 2020. Sparse, Dense, and Attentional Representations for Text Retrieval. CoRR abs\/2005.00181 (2020). arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.00181 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Incorporating query term independence assumption for efficient retrieval and ranking using deep neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.03693","author":"Mitra Bhaskar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhaskar Mitra, Corby Rosset, David Hawking, Nick Craswell, Fernando Diaz, and Emine Yilmaz. 2019. Incorporating query term independence assumption for efficient retrieval and ranking using deep neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.03693 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"From doc2query to docTTTTTquery. Online preprint","author":"Nogueira Rodrigo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigo Nogueira, Jimmy Lin, and AI Epistemic. 2019a. From doc2query to docTTTTTquery. Online preprint, Vol. 6 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Document expansion by query prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08375","author":"Nogueira Rodrigo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigo Nogueira, Wei Yang, Jimmy Lin, and Kyunghyun Cho. 2019b. Document expansion by query prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08375 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Tensorflow-serving: Flexible, high-performance ml serving. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.06139","author":"Olston Christopher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christopher Olston, Noah Fiedel, Kiril Gorovoy, Jeremiah Harmsen, Li Lao, Fangwei Li, Vinu Rajashekhar, Sukriti Ramesh, and Jordan Soyke. 2017. Tensorflow-serving: Flexible, high-performance ml serving. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.06139 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130348.3130368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Snowball: A language for stemming algorithms.","author":"Porter Martin F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Martin F Porter. 2001. Snowball: A language for stemming algorithms."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3455716.3455856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on intelligent analysis","volume":"2","author":"Strohman Trevor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Trevor Strohman, Donald Metzler, Howard Turtle, and W Bruce Croft. 2005. Indri: A language model-based search engine for complex queries. In Proceedings of the international conference on intelligent analysis, Vol. 2. Washington, DC., 2--6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. 154--161","author":"Svore Krysta M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krysta M Svore, Pallika H Kanani, and Nazan Khan. 2010. How good is a span of terms? Exploiting proximity to improve web retrieval. In Proceedings of the 33rd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. 154--161."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"BEIR: A heterogenous benchmark for zero-shot evaluation of information retrieval models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08663","author":"Thakur Nandan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nandan Thakur, Nils Reimers, Andreas R\u00fcckl\u00e9, Abhishek Srivastava, and Iryna Gurevych. 2021. BEIR: A heterogenous benchmark for zero-shot evaluation of information retrieval models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08663 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, \u0141ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Sparsifying Sparse Representations for Passage Retrieval by Top-k Masking. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.09628","author":"Yang Jheng-Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jheng-Hong Yang, Xueguang Ma, and Jimmy Lin. 2021. Sparsifying Sparse Representations for Passage Retrieval by Top-k Masking. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.09628 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766462.2767700"}],"event":{"name":"KDD '23: The 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","location":"Long Beach CA USA","acronym":"KDD '23","sponsor":["SIGMOD ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data","SIGKDD ACM Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery in Data"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3580305.3599815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3580305.3599815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:53:44Z","timestamp":1755798824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3580305.3599815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3580305.3599815","10.1145\/3580305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3580305.3599815","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}