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ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mid-air text entry on virtual keyboards suffers from the lack of tactile feedback, which brings challenges to both tap detection and input prediction. In this paper, we explored the feasibility of single-finger typing on virtual QWERTY keyboards in mid-air. We first conducted a study to examine users' 3D typing behavior on different sizes of virtual keyboards. Results showed that the participants perceived the vertical projection of the lowest point on the keyboard during a tap as the target location and inferring taps based on the intersection between the finger and the keyboard was not applicable. Aiming at this challenge, we derived a novel input prediction algorithm that took the uncertainty in tap detection into a calculation as probability, and performed probabilistic decoding that could tolerate false detection. We analyzed the performance of the algorithm through a full-factorial simulation. Results showed that the SVM-based probabilistic touch detection together with a 2D elastic probabilistic decoding algorithm (elasticity = 2) could achieve the optimal top-5 accuracy of 94.2%. In the evaluation user study, the participants reached a single-finger typing speed of 26.1 WPM with 3.2% uncorrected word-level error rate, which was significantly better than both tap-based and gesture-based baseline techniques. Also, the proposed technique received the highest preference score from the users, proving its usability in real text entry tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3580829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T14:57:51Z","timestamp":1680015471000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["From 2D to 3D"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University; Zhongguancun Laboratory, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-5871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haozhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiuxu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara, United State"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hewu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University; Zhongguancun Laboratory, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanchun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.18.481001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Typing on Midair Virtual Keyboards: Exploring Visual Designs and Interaction Styles. 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