{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:06:50Z","timestamp":1759939610936,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":62,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Digital Twin","award":["2022B1212010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1212010004"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Holdfound Foundation","award":["2022B1212010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1212010004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584070","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T16:16:52Z","timestamp":1679933812000},"page":"835-849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["EarPPG: Securing Your Identity with Your Ears"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4284-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seokmin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghwan","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yincheng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Univerisity at Buffalo, the State University of New York, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6811-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, China and Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanpeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, China and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Are facemasks a problem for voice Biometrics?https:\/\/www.aculab.com\/blog\/voice-biometrics\/483-are-facemasks-a-problem-for-voice-biometrics\/ (accessed","year":"2022","key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Aculab. 2021. Are facemasks a problem for voice Biometrics?https:\/\/www.aculab.com\/blog\/voice-biometrics\/483-are-facemasks-a-problem-for-voice-biometrics\/ (accessed: February 5, 2022)."},{"volume-title":"The illustrated wavelet transform handbook: introductory theory and applications in science, engineering, medicine and finance","author":"Addison S","key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0S Addison. 2017. The illustrated wavelet transform handbook: introductory theory and applications in science, engineering, medicine and finance. CRC press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOMS.2013.6656145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-017-9975-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"A review on wearable photoplethysmography sensors and their potential future applications in health care","volume":"4","author":"Castaneda Denisse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denisse Castaneda, Aibhlin Esparza, Mohammad Ghamari, Cinna Soltanpur, and Homer Nazeran. 2018. A review on wearable photoplethysmography sensors and their potential future applications in health care. Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron. 4, 4 (Aug. 2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3081333.3081355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3534597","article-title":"PPGface: Like What You Are Watching? Earphones Can","volume":"6","author":"Choi Seokmin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seokmin Choi, Yang Gao, Yincheng Jin, Se\u00a0jun Kim, Jiyang Li, Wenyao Xu, and Zhanpeng Jin. 2022. PPGface: Like What You Are Watching? Earphones Can\" Feel\" Your Facial Expressions. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 2 (2022), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Feel\" Your Facial Expressions. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Junyoung Chung Caglar Gulcehre KyungHyun Cho and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555(2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2005.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8350983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11040126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"EarEcho: Using ear canal echo for wearable authentication","volume":"3","author":"Gao Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Gao, Wei Wang, Vir\u00a0V Phoha, Wei Sun, and Zhanpeng Jin. 2019. EarEcho: Using ear canal echo for wearable authentication. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 3, 3 (2019), 1\u201324.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/ijbsbe.2018.04.00125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Why Is Pronunciation So Difficult to Learn?.English language teaching 4, 3","author":"Gilakjani Abbas\u00a0Pourhossein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abbas\u00a0Pourhossein Gilakjani and Mohammad\u00a0Reza Ahmadi. 2011. Why Is Pronunciation So Difficult to Learn?.English language teaching 4, 3 (2011), 74\u201383."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897845.2897908"},{"volume-title":"IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 136\u2013137","author":"Y.","key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Y.\u00a0Y. Gu and Yuanting Zhang. 2003. Photoplethysmographic authentication through fuzzy logic. In IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 136\u2013137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Article 112 (Feb.","author":"Gui Qiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiong Gui, Maria\u00a0V. Ruiz-Blondet, Sarah Laszlo, and Zhanpeng Jin. 2019. A Survey on Brain Biometrics. ACM Comput. Surv. 51, 6, Article 112 (Feb. 2019), 38\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2017.7979043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3161189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Dustin\u00a0A. Hatfield Eugene\u00a0A. Whang Robert\u00a0A. Boyd Duy\u00a0P. Le Yi-Fang\u00a0D. Tsai David\u00a0J. Feathers Shota Aoyagi and Sean\u00a0S. Corbin. 2020. Earphones. Apple Inc.. https:\/\/patents.justia.com\/patent\/20200314518 US Patent Application Number: 16\/564 804."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Jiesheng He and Wei Wu. 2021. Deformation of Heartbeat Pulse Waveform Caused by Sensor Binding Force. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.10014(2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20567-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2006.873653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Article 85 (July","author":"Khan Saad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saad Khan, Simon Parkinson, Liam Grant, Na Liu, and Stephen Mcguire. 2020. Biometric Systems Utilising Health Data from Wearable Devices: Applications and Future Challenges in Computer Security. ACM Comput. Surv. 53, 4, Article 85 (July 2020), 29\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.869784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2039568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galina Lavrentyeva Sergey Novoselov Egor Malykh Alexander Kozlov Oleg Kudashev and Vadim Shchemelinin. 2017. Audio replay attack detection with deep learning frameworks.. In INTERSPEECH. 82\u201386.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"The periodic moving average filter for removing motion artifacts from PPG signals","volume":"5","author":"Lee Han-Wook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Han-Wook Lee, Ju-Won Lee, Won-Geun Jung, and Gun-Ki Lee. 2007. The periodic moving average filter for removing motion artifacts from PPG signals. International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems 5, 6(2007), 701\u2013706.","journal-title":"International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3004077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267242.3267252"},{"volume-title":"Emerging Nanotechnologies in Immunology","author":"Nafisi Shohreh","key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Shohreh Nafisi and Howard\u00a0I Maibach. 2018. Skin penetration of nanoparticles. In Emerging Nanotechnologies in Immunology. Elsevier, 47\u201388."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2911423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2763124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Effect on Face Recognition Software. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2020\/07\/nist-launches-studies-masks-effect-face-recognition-software (accessed","author":"NIST.","year":"2022","unstructured":"NIST. 2020. NIST Launches Studies into Masks\u2019 Effect on Face Recognition Software. https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/news-events\/news\/2020\/07\/nist-launches-studies-masks-effect-face-recognition-software (accessed: February 5, 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90074-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanie Passier Niklas M\u00fcller and Veit Senner. 2019. In-Ear Pulse Rate Measurement: A Valid Alternative to Heart Rate Derived from Electrocardiography?Sensors 19 17 Article 3641(2019) 16\u00a0pages.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2018.8698552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3008479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2016.2623562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2010.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2012.6226643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"On the Feasibility of Handwritten Signature Authentication Using PPG Sensor. In 2022 IEEE 19th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 719\u2013720","author":"Rahman M\u00a0Mohaimenur","year":"2022","unstructured":"ABM\u00a0Mohaimenur Rahman, Yetong Cao, Xinliang Wei, Pu Wang, Fan Li, and Yu Wang. 2022. On the Feasibility of Handwritten Signature Authentication Using PPG Sensor. In 2022 IEEE 19th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 719\u2013720."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Article 114 (Dec.","author":"Rathore Aditya\u00a0Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aditya\u00a0Singh Rathore, Zhengxiong Li, Weijin Zhu, Zhanpeng Jin, and Wenyao Xu. 2020. A Survey on Heart Biometrics. ACM Comput. Surv. 53, 6, Article 114 (Dec. 2020), 38\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"And Segment Forecasts, 2020","author":"Research Grand\u00a0View","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grand\u00a0View Research. 2020. Wireless Earphone Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Virtual Reality, Music & Entertainment), By Distribution Channel (Offline, Online), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2020 - 2027. Report ID: GVR-4-68038-745-2. https:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/wireless-earphone-market"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2019.8802738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation. 261\u2013270","author":"Sifakis Eftychios","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eftychios Sifakis, Andrew Selle, Avram Robinson-Mosher, and Ronald Fedkiw. 2006. Simulating speech with a physics-based facial muscle model. In Proc. of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation. 261\u2013270."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2911170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3448098","article-title":"EarDynamic: An Ear Canal Deformation Based Continuous User Authentication Using In-Ear Wearables","volume":"5","author":"Wang Zi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zi Wang, Sheng Tan, Linghan Zhang, Yili Ren, Zhi Wang, and Jie Yang. 2021. EarDynamic: An Ear Canal Deformation Based Continuous User Authentication Using In-Ear Wearables. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 1 (2021), 1\u201327.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB2018.2018.00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"DCASE 2019 Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2019 Challenge","author":"Zhang Jingyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jingyang Zhang, Wenhao Ding, and Liang He. 2019. Data augmentation and prior knowledge-based regularization for sound event localization and detection. DCASE 2019 Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2019 Challenge (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155526"}],"event":{"name":"IUI '23: 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"],"location":"Sydney NSW Australia","acronym":"IUI '23"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3581641.3584070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3581641.3584070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:36:20Z","timestamp":1750178180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3581641.3584070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3581641.3584070","10.1145\/3581641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3581641.3584070","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}