{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1783611924903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["957338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957338"]}]},{"name":"\u201cANGRU: Applying kNowledge Graphs to research data ReUsability\u201d","award":["PID2020-117912RB-C22 and MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117912RB-C22 and MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent initiatives related to the Metaverse focus on better visualization, like augmented or virtual reality, but also persistent digital objects. To guarantee real ownership of these digital objects, open systems based on public blockchains and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are emerging together with a nascent decentralized and open creator economy. To manage this emerging economy in a more organized way, and fight the so common NFT plagiarism, we propose CopyrightLY, a decentralized application for authorship and copyright management. It provides means to claim content authorship, including supporting evidence. Content and metadata are stored in decentralized storage and registered on the blockchain. A token is used to curate these claims, and potential complaints, by staking it on them. Staking is incentivized by the fact that the token is minted using a bonding curve. The tokenomics include the resolution of complaints and enabling the monetization of curated claims. Monetization is achieved through licensing NFTs with metadata enhanced by semantic technologies. Semantic data makes explicit the reuse conditions transferred with the token while keeping the connection to the underlying copyright claims to improve the trustability of the NFTs. Moreover, the semantic metadata is flexible enough to enable licensing not just in the real world. Licenses can refer to reuses in specific locations in a metaverse, thus facilitating the emergence of creative economies in them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3585387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T11:05:52Z","timestamp":1677236752000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Semantics and Non-fungible Tokens for Copyright Management on the Metaverse and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2207-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Digital Design Department, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8495-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cediel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Law, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Teixid\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Digital Design Department, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6304-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Digital Design Department, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps","author":"Antonopoulos Andreas M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood. 2018. Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps. O\u2019Reilly Media, Sebastopol, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2021.564551"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"Juan Benet. 2014. IPFS - content addressed versioned P2P file system. arXiv:1407.3561. Retrieved February 13 2023 from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1407.3561."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"Dan Brickley. 2014. Announcing Schema.org Actions. Retrieved February 13 2023 from http:\/\/blog.schema.org\/2014\/04\/announcing-schemaorg-actions.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870644"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3475799"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"Mitchell Clark. 2021. NFTs explained. (Aug. 2021). Retrieved February 13 2023 from https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/22310188\/nft-explainer-what-is-blockchain-crypto-art-faq."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIITME50350.2020.9292296"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics2030018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3479238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"Learning SPARQL: Querying and Updating with SPARQL 1.1","author":"DuCharme Bob","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bob DuCharme. 2013. Learning SPARQL: Querying and Updating with SPARQL 1.1 (2nd Ed.). O\u2019Reilly Media, Sebastopol, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92916-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2844544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"Eyal Hertzog Guy Benartzi and Galia Benartzi. 2018. Bancor protocol. Continuous Liquidity for Cryptographic Tokens through their Smart Contracts. (2018) 22 pages. Retrieved February 13 2023 from https:\/\/cryptopapers.info\/assets\/pdf\/bancor.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","volume-title":"OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Primer","author":"Hitzler Pascal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pascal Hitzler, Markus Kr\u00f6tzsch, Bijan Parsia, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Sebastian Rudolph. 2012. OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Primer. (2nd Ed.). Retrieved February 13, 2023 from http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-primer\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9927-9_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7078-0_43"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/555000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0360-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","unstructured":"Peter Mezei Jo\u00e3o Pedro Quintais Alexandra Giannopoulou and Bal\u00e1zs Bod\u00f3. 2021. The Rise of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and the Role of Copyright Law \u2013 Part II. (April 2021). Retrieved February 13 2023 from http:\/\/copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com\/2021\/04\/22\/the-rise-of-non-fungible-tokens-nfts-and-the-role-of-copyright-law-part-ii\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","unstructured":"Matej Michalko. 2020. How TikTok Used Blockchain to Defeat Copyright Infringement. (March 2020). Retrieved February 13 2023 from https:\/\/www.ipwatchdog.com\/2020\/03\/17\/tiktok-used-blockchain-defeat-copyright-infringement\/id=119878\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492803"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","volume-title":"EthOn-an Ethereum Ontology","author":"Pfeffer Johannes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johannes Pfeffer. 2018. EthOn-an Ethereum Ontology. Technical Report 0.2. Consensys. Retrieved from https:\/\/consensys.github.io\/EthOn\/EthOn_spec.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","volume-title":"Self-sovereign Identity Decentralized Digital Identity and Verifiable Credentials","author":"Preukschat Alexander","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexander Preukschat and Drummond Reed. 2021. Self-sovereign Identity Decentralized Digital Identity and Verifiable Credentials. Manning Publications Co., Shelter Island, NY. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.manning.com\/books\/self-sovereign-identity."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","unstructured":"Jonathan Schmalfeld. 2021. How copyright violations can crash your NFT party. (April 2021). Retrieved February 13 2023 from https:\/\/fortune.com\/2021\/08\/04\/nfts-copyright-violations-penalties-non-fungible-tokens-collectibles-nfttorney-jonathan-schmalfeld\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/105.00000006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","volume-title":"Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Blockchain","author":"Walport M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Walport. 2016. Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Blockchain. Report 19. UK Government Office for Science. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/distributed-ledger-technology-blackett-review."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751443"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","volume-title":"WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law, and Use","year":"2004","unstructured":"WIPO. 2004. WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law, and Use. WIPO Publications. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.wipo.int\/about-ip\/en\/iprm."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.05.035"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3585387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3585387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:37:56Z","timestamp":1750178276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3585387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3585387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3585387","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6857","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}