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Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cybersecurity breaches are common anomalies for distributed cyber-physical systems (CPS). However, the cyber security breach classification is still a difficult problem, even using cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. In this article, we study a multi-class classification problem in cyber security for attack detection. A challenging multi-node data-censoring case is considered. In such a case, data within each data center\/node cannot be shared while the local data is incomplete. Particularly, local nodes contain only a part of the multiple classes. In order to train a global multi-class classifier without sharing the raw data across all nodes, we design a multi-node multi-class classification ensemble approach which is the main result of our study. By gathering the estimated parameters of the binary classifiers and data densities from each local node, the missing information for each local node is completed to build the global multi-class classifier. Numerical experiments are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach under the multi-node data-censoring case. Under such a case, we even show the out-performance of the proposed approach over the full-data approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3585520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T12:38:12Z","timestamp":1678106292000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["CPS Attack Detection under Limited Local Information in Cyber Security: An Ensemble Multi-Node Multi-Class Classification Approach"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weiyang College, Tsinghua University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhili College, Tsinghua University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haimeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhili College, Tsinghua University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7675-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xieheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2340-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Center for Statistical Science, Tsinghua University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.48.8551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3045667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2962788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2020.1212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00323-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2975749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3011821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42400-021-00077-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2892405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2972974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106897"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol28030149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36548\/jismac.2020.4.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2013.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2956527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2904544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3036166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3165809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3089435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","article-title":"A review of federated learning in intrusion detection systems for IoT","author":"Belenguer Javier Navaridas Aitor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Javier Navaridas Aitor Belenguer and Jose A. 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