{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:11:38Z","timestamp":1778040698368,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":37,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["No.2021YFB2700800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021YFB2700800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3587135.3592203","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T10:22:41Z","timestamp":1691144561000},"page":"3-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fractal Ledger"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Zhongke Jingge Technologies Co., Ltd., Hefei China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0634-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nianzu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9171-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Zhongke Jingge, Technologies Co., Ltd., Hefei China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6368-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinlin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Disrupting governance: The new institutional economics of distributed ledger technology","volume":"281","author":"Davidson S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"S. Davidson, P. Filippi, J. Potts, \"Disrupting governance: The new institutional economics of distributed ledger technology,\" Available at SSRN 281 1995, 2016.","journal-title":"Available at SSRN"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Effective Scaling of Blockchain Beyond Consensus Innovations and Moore's Law","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Liu, K. Qian, J. Chen, K. Wang, and L. He. \"Effective Scaling of Blockchain Beyond Consensus Innovations and Moore's Law,\" 2020, arXiv: 2001.01865. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2001.01865."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"J. Howell \"What Is Blockchain Sharding?\" 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/101blockchains.com\/what-is-blockchain-sharding\/. [Accessed: 2-January-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"S. Roth \"An Introduction to Sidechains \" 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/learn\/an-introduction-to-sidechains\/. [Accessed: 22-January-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"How Blockchains Communicate With Each Other","author":"Cross-Chains PPIO","year":"2019","unstructured":"PPIO, \"Cross-Chains: How Blockchains Communicate With Each Other,\" 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/medium.com\/@ppio\/understanding-cross-chain-technology-e36b9c0cfaf3."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Diving into DAG-based blockchain systems","author":"Wang Q.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Q. Wang, J. Yu, S. Chen, Y. Xiang, \"SoK: Diving into DAG-based blockchain systems,\" 2020, arXiv: 2012.06128. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2012.06128."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Spectre: A fast and scalable cryptocurrency protocol","volume":"2016","author":"Sompolinsky Y.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y. Sompolinsky, Y. Lewenberg, and A. Zohar, \"Spectre: A fast and scalable cryptocurrency protocol,\" IACR Cryptol. ePrint Archive, vol. 2016, p. 1159, 2016.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Archive"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Phantom: A scalable blockdag protocol","volume":"2018","author":"Sompolinsky Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y. Sompolinsky and A. Zohar, \"Phantom: A scalable blockdag protocol,\" IACR Cryptol. ePrint Archive, vol. 2018, p. 104, 2018.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Archive"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Scaling nakamoto consensus to thousands of transactions per second","author":"Li C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Li, P. Li, D. Zhou, W. Xu, F. Long, and A. Yao, \"Scaling nakamoto consensus to thousands of transactions per second,\" 2018, arXiv:1805.03870. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1805.03870."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"A Feeless Distributed Cryptocurrency Network,\" White Paper","author":"LeMahieu C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. LeMahieu, \"Nano: A Feeless Distributed Cryptocurrency Network,\" White Paper, 2018. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/nano.org\/en\/whitepaper."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"A peer-to-peer electronic cash system,\" White Paper","author":"Nakamoto S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"S. Nakamoto, \"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system,\" White Paper, 2008. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Bitcoin blockchain size. 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ycharts.com\/indicators\/bitcoin_blockchain_size. [Accessed: 02-February - 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"Wood G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"G. Wood, \"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger,\" Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, vol. 151, pp. 1--32, Apr. 2014.","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Ethereum Chain Full Sync Data Size. 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ycharts.com\/indicators\/ethereum_chain_full_sync_data_size. [Accessed: 02-February-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Mina: Decentralized Cryptocurrency at Scale,\" White Paper","author":"Bonneau J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Bonneau, I. Meckler, V. Rao, and E. Shapiro, \"Mina: Decentralized Cryptocurrency at Scale,\" White Paper, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/docs.mina protocol.com\/static\/pdf\/technicalWhitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"Castro M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"M. Castro and B. Liskov, \"Practical byzantine fault tolerance,\" in Proc.OSDI, vol. 99, 1999, pp. 173--186.","journal-title":"Proc.OSDI"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3837\/tiis.2021.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Cosmos. 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/cosmos. network\/whitepaper."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"White Paper","author":"Wood G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Wood, \"Polkadot: Vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework,\" Polkadot, White Paper, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"1353","volume-title":"27th USENIX Secur. Symp. USENIX Secur.","author":"Kalodner H.","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. Kalodner, S. Goldfeder, X. Chen, S. M. Weinberg, and E. W. Felten, \"Arbitrium: Scalable, private smart contracts,\" in Proc. 27th USENIX Secur. Symp. USENIX Secur., 2018, pp. 1353--1370."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Optimism. 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/community.optimism.io\/. [Accessed: 12-Decemeber-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Loopring. 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/loopring.org\/#\/. [Accessed: 12-Decemeber-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"ZK-sync. 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/docs.zksync.io\/dev\/. [Accessed: 12-Decemeber-2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","first-page":"95","volume-title":"16th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Design Implement. (NSDI)","author":"Wang J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Wang and H. Wang, \"Monoxide: Scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones,\" in Proc. 16th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Design Implement. (NSDI), 2019, pp. 95--112."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"BIP 340 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/github.com\/bitcoin\/bips\/blob\/master\/bip-0340.mediawiki."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"\"The Beacon Chain Ethereum 2.0 explainer you need to read first \" 202. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ethos.dev\/beacon-chain\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"ACM SIGSAC Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur. -CCS","author":"Luu L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"L. Luu, V. Narayanan, C. Zheng, K. Baweja, S. Gilbert, and P. Saxena, \"A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains,\" in Proc. ACM SIGSAC Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur. -CCS, 2016, pp. 17--30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data. ACM","author":"Hung D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"D. Hung, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Dumitrel Loghin, Ee-Chien Chang, Qian Lin, and Beng Chin Ooi, \"Towards Scaling Blockchain Systems via Sharding,\" In SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data. ACM, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Centrally Banked Cryptocurrencies,\" In Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS)","author":"Danezis G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Danezis and S. Meiklejohn. \"Centrally Banked Cryptocurrencies,\" In Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaa046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments,\" White Paper","author":"Poon J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Poon and T. Dryja, \"The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments,\" White Paper, 2016. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/lightning.network\/lightning-network-paper.pdf. [Accessed: 22-January-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Raiden Network. 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/raiden-network.Readthedocs.io\/en\/stable\/. [Accessed: 02-February-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"White Paper, 2020","author":"Nick J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. Nick, A. Poelstra, and G. Sanders, \"Liquid: A bitcoin sidechain,\". White Paper, 2020, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/blockstream.com\/assets\/downloads\/pdf\/liquid -whitepaper.pdf. [Accessed: 22-January-2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Scalable autonomous smart contracts,\" White Paper","author":"Poon J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Poon, V. Buterin, \"Plasma: Scalable autonomous smart contracts,\" White Paper, 2017, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.plasma.io\/plasma-deprecated.pdf. [Accessed: 22-January-2023]."}],"event":{"name":"CF '23: 20th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers","location":"Bologna Italy","acronym":"CF '23","sponsor":["SIGMICRO ACM Special Interest Group on Microarchitectural Research and Processing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3587135.3592203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3587135.3592203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:47:14Z","timestamp":1750178834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3587135.3592203"}},"subtitle":["A New Approach towards Scalable Blockchain with Graph-Chain Structure"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3587135.3592203","10.1145\/3587135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3587135.3592203","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}