{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:55:13Z","timestamp":1776084913349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies within Accessible Computing have investigated image accessibility, from what should be included in alternative text (alt text), to possible automated, human-in-the-loop, or crowdsourced approaches to alt text generation. However, the processes through which practitioners make alt text<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>have rarely been discussed. Through interviews with three artists and three accessibility practitioners working with Google, as well as 25 end users, we identify four processes of alt text creation used by this company\u2014The User-Evaluation Process, The Lone Writer Process, The Team Write-A-Thon Process, and The Artist-Writer Process\u2014and unpack their potential strengths and weaknesses as they relate to access and inclusive imagery. We conclude with a discussion of what alt text researchers and industry professionals can learn from considering alt text<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>, including opportunities to support user feedback, cross-contributor consistency, and organizational or technical changes to production processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3587469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T11:44:20Z","timestamp":1678880660000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["How the Alt Text Gets Made: What Roles and Processes of Alt Text Creation Can Teach Us AboutInclusive Imagery"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emory J.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0260-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacy M.","family":"Branham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (APA). 2022. Disability. https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org. Retrieved February 5 2023 from https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/style-grammar-guidelines\/bias-free-language\/disability."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-7440-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Bennett Cynthia L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cynthia L. Bennett, Cole Gleason, Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Anhong Guo, and Alexandra To. 2021. \u201cIt's complicated\u201d: Negotiating accessibility and (mis)representation in image descriptions of race, gender, and disability. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Yokohama, Japan, 1\u201319. DOI:10.1145\/3411764.3445498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Bigham Jeffrey P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeffrey P. Bigham, Chandrika Jayant, Hanjie Ji, Greg Little, Andrew Miller, Robert C. Miller, Robin Miller, Aubrey Tatarowicz, Brandyn White, and Samual White. 2010. VizWiz: Nearly real-time answers to visual questions. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 333\u2013342."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - Assets\u201906","author":"Bigham Jeffrey P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jeffrey P. Bigham, Ryan S. Kaminsky, Richard E. Ladner, Oscar M. Danielsson, and Gordon L. Hempton. 2006. WebInSight: Making web images accessible. In Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - Assets\u201906. ACM Press, Portland, Oregon, USA, 181. DOI:10.1145\/1168987.1169018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"1225","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work - CSCW\u201913","author":"Brady Erin L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erin L. Brady, Yu Zhong, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2013a. Investigating the appropriateness of social network question asking as a resource for blind users. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work - CSCW\u201913. ACM Press, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1225. DOI:10.1145\/2441776.2441915"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481291","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913)","author":"Brady Erin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erin Brady, Meredith Ringel Morris, Yu Zhong, Samuel White, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2013b. Visual challenges in the everyday lives of blind people. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2117\u20132126. DOI:10.1145\/2470654.2481291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702329","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Brady Erin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erin Brady, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2015. Gauging receptiveness to social microvolunteering. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1055\u20131064."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.813837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"3181","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA\u201910","author":"Buie Elizabeth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elizabeth Buie, Susan Dray, Keith Instone, Jhilmil Jain, Gitte Lindgaard, and Arnie Lund. 2010. How to bring HCI research and practice closer together. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA\u201910. ACM Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 3181. DOI:10.1145\/1753846.1753951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1145\/1296843.1296865","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - Assets\u201907","author":"Carter Jim A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jim A. Carter and David W. Fourne. 2007. Techniques to assist in developing accessibility engineers. In Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - Assets\u201907. ACM Press, Tempe, Arizona, USA, 123. DOI:10.1145\/1296843.1296865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.09.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","author":"Charmaz Kathy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","article-title":"How to write an image description","author":"Chen Alex","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alex Chen. 2020. How to write an image description. Medium. Retrieved March 14, 2021 from https:\/\/uxdesign.cc\/how-to-write-an-image-description-2f30d3bf5546.","journal-title":"Medium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1145\/3064663.3064667","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems","author":"Colusso Lucas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucas Colusso, Cynthia L. Bennett, Gary Hsieh, and Sean A. Munson. 2017. Translational resources: Reducing the gap between academic research and HCI practice. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 957\u2013968. DOI:10.1145\/3064663.3064667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/501078.501082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum. 2019. Cooper Hewitt Guidelines for Image Description. Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum . Retrieved August 8 2020 from https:\/\/www.cooperhewitt.org\/cooper-hewitt-guidelines-for-image-description\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069211025453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","first-page":"1635","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201914","author":"Dalsgaard Peter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peter Dalsgaard and Christian Dindler. 2014. Between theory and practice: Bridging concepts in HCI research. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201914. ACM Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1635\u20131644. DOI:10.1145\/2556288.2557342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203077887","volume-title":"The Disability Studies Reader","author":"Davis Lennard J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lennard J. Davis. 2013. The Disability Studies Reader (4th ed.). Routledge, New York, NY.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","unstructured":"National Center for Accessible Media & DIAGRAM Center. 2019. Image Description Guidelines . Retrieved March 14 2021 from http:\/\/diagramcenter.org\/table-of-contents-2.html\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-7440-0_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5824\/ajite.2020.02.003.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","author":"Edwards Emory James","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emory James Edwards, Kyle Lewis Polster, Isabel Tuason, Emily Blank, Michael Gilbert, and Stacy Branham. 2021. \u201cThat's in the eye of the beholder\u201d: Layers of interpretation in image descriptions for fictional representations of people with disabilities. In The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1\u201314. Retrieved January 4, 2022 from 10.1145\/3441852.3471222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"177","author":"Ellis Katie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katie Ellis, Debbie Rodan, and Pia Lebeck. 2013. Disability, Obesity and Ageing (2013), 177.","journal-title":"Disability, Obesity and Ageing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","article-title":"How many photographs of you are out there in the world?","author":"Eveleth Rose","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rose Eveleth. 2015. How many photographs of you are out there in the world? The Atlantic. Retrieved April 16, 2021 from https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2015\/11\/how-many-photographs-of-you-are-out-there-in-the-world\/413389\/.","journal-title":"The Atlantic"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13614560802624241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","author":"Gaggi Ombretta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ombretta Gaggi and Veronica Pederiva. 2021. WCAG4All, a tool for making web accessibility rules accessible. In 2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1\u20136. DOI:10.1109\/CCNC49032.2021.9369484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature","author":"Garland-Thomson Rosemarie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosemarie Garland-Thomson. 2017. Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature (Twentieth anniversary edition). Columbia University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60149-2_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","unstructured":"Haben Girma. 2023. Haben Girma - YouTube. Retrieved February 7 2023 from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@haben_girma."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313605","volume-title":"The World Wide Web Conference on - WWW\u201919","author":"Gleason Cole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cole Gleason, Patrick Carrington, Cameron Cassidy, Meredith Ringel Morris, Kris M. Kitani, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2019. \u201cIt's almost like they're trying to hide it\u201d: How user-provided image descriptions have failed to make Twitter accessible. In The World Wide Web Conference on - WWW\u201919. ACM Press, San Francisco, CA, USA, 549\u2013559. DOI:10.1145\/3308558.3313605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Gleason Cole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cole Gleason, Amy Pavel, Emma McCamey, Christina Low, Patrick Carrington, Kris M. Kitani, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2020. Twitter A11y: A browser extension to make Twitter images accessible. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Honolulu, HI, USA, 1\u201312. DOI:10.1145\/3313831.3376728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","first-page":"1645","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201914","author":"Gray Colin M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colin M. Gray. 2014. Evolution of design competence in UX practice. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201914. ACM Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1645\u20131654. DOI:10.1145\/2556288.2557264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1145\/2598510.2598595","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems - DIS\u201914","author":"Gray Colin M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colin M. Gray, Erik Stolterman, and Martin A. Siegel. 2014. Reprioritizing the relationship between HCI research and practice: Bubble-up and trickle-down effects. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems - DIS\u201914. ACM Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 725\u2013734. DOI:10.1145\/2598510.2598595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201918","author":"Guinness Darren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darren Guinness, Edward Cutrell, and Meredith Ringel Morris. 2018. Caption crawler: Enabling reusable alternative text descriptions using reverse image search. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201918. ACM Press, Montreal, QC, Canada, 1\u201311. DOI:10.1145\/3173574.3174092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34500-5_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","author":"Haller Beth A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beth A. Haller. 2010. Representing Disability in an Ableist World.","journal-title":"Representing Disability in an Ableist World"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2828432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2019.1576505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society","author":"Inal Yavuz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yavuz Inal, Frode Guribye, Dorina Rajanen, Mikko Rajanen, and Mattias Rost. 2020. Perspectives and practices of digital accessibility: A survey of user experience professionals in Nordic countries. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society. ACM, Tallinn, Estonia, 1\u201311. DOI:10.1145\/3419249.3420119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09518398.2015.1017848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","author":"Kim Lawrence H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lawrence H. Kim, Abena Boadi-Agyemang, Alexa Fay Siu, and John Tang. 2020. When to add human narration to photo-sharing social media. In The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. ACM, Virtual Event Greece, 1\u20133. DOI:10.1145\/3373625.3418013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-009-0182-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","unstructured":"Chris M. Law Ji Soo Yi Young Sang Choi and Julie A. Jacko. 2006. Are disability-access guidelines designed for designers? Do they need to be? (November 2006) 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","article-title":"How to write alt text and image descriptions for the visually impaired","author":"Lewis Veronica","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veronica Lewis. 2018. How to write alt text and image descriptions for the visually impaired. Veroniiiica. Retrieved August 8, 2020 from https:\/\/veroniiiica.com\/2018\/01\/31\/how-to-write-alt-text-image-descriptions-visually-impaired\/.","journal-title":"Veroniiiica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","article-title":"Universal principles of design, revised and updated: 125 ways to enhance usability, influence perception, increase appeal, make better design decisions, and teach through design","author":"Lidwell William","year":"2010","unstructured":"William Lidwell, Kritina Holden, and Jill Butler. 2010. Universal principles of design, revised and updated: 125 ways to enhance usability, influence perception, increase appeal, make better design decisions, and teach through design. Rockport Pub.","journal-title":"Rockport Pub"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","unstructured":"Janet Mac. 2020. 3D Illustration & Animation - Google Project. Retrieved April 13 2021 from https:\/\/janet-mac.com\/google-avatar-project."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","author":"Mack Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly Mack, Edward Cutrell, Bongshin Lee, and Meredith Ringel Morris. 2021a. Designing tools for high-quality alt text authoring. In The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. ACM, Virtual Event USA, 1\u201314. DOI:10.1145\/3441852.3471207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Mack Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly Mack, Emma McDonnell, Dhruv Jain, Lucy Lu Wang, Jon E. Froehlich, and Leah Findlater. 2021b. What do we mean by \u201caccessibility research\u201d? A literature survey of accessibility papers in CHI and ASSETS from 1994 to 2019. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5988","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025814","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"MacLeod Haley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haley MacLeod, Cynthia L. Bennett, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Edward Cutrell. 2017. Understanding blind people's experiences with computer-generated captions of social media images. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Denver, Colorado, USA, 5988\u20135999. DOI:10.1145\/3025453.3025814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1145\/3234695.3240994","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS\u201918)","author":"Mathur Reeti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reeti Mathur and Erin Brady. 2018. Mixed-ability collaboration for accessible photo sharing. In Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS\u201918). Association for Computing Machinery, Galway, Ireland, 370\u2013372. DOI:10.1145\/3234695.3240994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201918","author":"Morris Meredith Ringel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meredith Ringel Morris, Jazette Johnson, Cynthia L. Bennett, and Edward Cutrell. 2018. Rich representations of visual content for screen reader users. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI\u201918. ACM Press, Montreal QC, Canada, 1\u201311. DOI:10.1145\/3173574.3173633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","unstructured":"Nicole Newnham and James Lebrecht. 2020. Crip Camp | A Disability Revolution. Retrieved February 7 2023 from https:\/\/cripcamp.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1145\/1940761.1940889","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 iConference","author":"Oltmann Shannon M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shannon M. Oltmann. 2011. Telephone & email interviews: Using the respondents\u2019 context to determine the best interview mode. In Proceedings of the 2011 iConference. ACM, Seattle Washington USA, 734\u2013735. DOI:10.1145\/1940761.1940889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction International (HCII)","author":"Petrie Helen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Helen Petrie, Chandra Harrison, and Sundeep Dev. 2005. Describing images on the web: A survey of current practice and prospects for the future. Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction International (HCII) 71, (2005), 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","author":"Porter John R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"John R. Porter and Julie A. Kientz. 2013. An empirical study of issues and barriers to mainstream video game accessibility. In Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. ACM, Bellevue, Washington, 1\u20138. DOI:10.1145\/2513383.2513444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","unstructured":"Christopher Power. 2012. Guidelines are only half of the story: Accessibility problems encountered by blind users on the web (2012) 10."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1145\/2384916.2384932","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS\u201912)","author":"Putnam Cynthia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cynthia Putnam, Kathryn Wozniak, Mary Jo Zefeldt, Jinghui Cheng, Morgan Caputo, and Carl Duffield. 2012. How do professionals who create computing technologies consider accessibility? In Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS\u201912). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 87\u201394. DOI:10.1145\/2384916.2384932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","unstructured":"Thomas Reid. 2023. Reid My Mind | A podcast from a Black man adjusting to being blind. Retrieved February 7 2023 from https:\/\/reidmymind.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","volume-title":"Disability and the Media: Prescriptions for Change","author":"Riley Charles A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Charles A. Riley. 2005. Disability and the Media: Prescriptions for Change. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing","author":"Salisbury Elliot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elliot Salisbury, Ece Kamar, and Meredith Ringel Morris. 2017. Toward scalable social alt text: Conversational crowdsourcing as a tool for refining vision-to-language technology for the blind. Proceedings of the Fifth AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing. 10."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/751","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Salisbury Elliot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elliot Salisbury, Ece Kamar, and Meredith Ringel Morris. 2018. Evaluating and complementing vision-to-language technology for people who are blind with conversational crowdsourcing. In Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, Stockholm, Sweden, 5349\u20135353. DOI:10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5220\/0006282500290040","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems","author":"Marques Jo\u00e3o Marcelo dos Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Marcelo dos Santos Marques, Luiz Fernando Gopi Valente, Simone Bacellar Leal Ferreira, Claudia Cappelli, and Luciana Salgado. 2017. Audio description on Instagram: Evaluating and comparing two ways of describing images for visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Porto, Portugal, 29\u201340. DOI:10.5220\/0006282500290040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","unstructured":"Morgan Klaus Scheuerman Katta Spiel Oliver L. Haimson Foad Hamidi and Stacy M. Branham. 2020. HCI Guidelines for Gender Equity and Inclusivity. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.morgan-klaus.com\/gender-guidelines.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2015.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","author":"Pereira Let\u00edcia Seixas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Let\u00edcia Seixas Pereira, Jos\u00e9 Coelho, Andr\u00e9 Rodrigues, Jo\u00e3o Guerreiro, Tiago Guerreiro, and Carlos Duarte. 2022. Authoring accessible media content on social networks. In The 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. ACM, Athens, Greece, 1\u201311. DOI:10.1145\/3517428.3544882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","volume-title":"Inequality in 1,300 Popular Films: Examining Portrayals of Gender, Race\/Ethnicity, LGBTQ & Disability from 2007 to 2019","author":"Smith Stacy L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dr. Stacy L. Smith, Marc Choueiti, and Dr. Katherine Pieper. 2020. Inequality in 1,300 Popular Films: Examining Portrayals of Gender, Race\/Ethnicity, LGBTQ & Disability from 2007 to 2019. Annenburg Inclusion Initiative, USC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Stangl Abigale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abigale Stangl, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Danna Gurari. 2020. \u201cPerson, shoes, tree. Is the person naked?\u201d What people with vision impairments want in image descriptions. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Honolulu, HI, USA, 1\u201313. DOI:10.1145\/3313831.3376404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","unstructured":"Linn Steen-Hansen and Siri Fagernes. 2016. The Importance of Process-Oriented Accessibility Guidelines for Web Developers. (2016) 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Storer Kevin M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kevin M. Storer, Harini Sampath, and Alice Merrick. 2021. \u201cIt's just everything outside of the IDE that's the problem\u201d: Information seeking by software developers with visual impairments. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Yokohama, Japan, 1\u201312. DOI:10.1145\/3411764.3445090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","volume-title":"Americans with Disabilities: 2014","author":"Taylor Danielle M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danielle M. Taylor. 2018. Americans with Disabilities: 2014. U.S. Census Bureau, United States. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/publications\/2018\/demo\/p70-152.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shari Trewin Brian Cragun Cal Swart Jonathan Brezin and John Richards. 2010. Accessibility challenges and tool features: An IBM Web developer perspective. (2010) 10.","DOI":"10.1145\/1805986.1806029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","volume":"44","author":"Vanderheiden Gregg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gregg Vanderheiden and Jim Tobias. 2000. Universal design of consumer products: Current industry practice and perceptions. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, 32 (July 2000), 6\u201319. DOI:10.1177\/154193120004403206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","unstructured":"Web Accessibility In Mind (WebAIM). 2022. The WebAIM Million - The 2022 report on the accessibility of the top 1 000 000 home pages. Retrieved June 17 2022 from https:\/\/webaim.org\/projects\/million\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","unstructured":"Web Accessibility Initiative - W3C. 2019. How to Meet WCAG (Quickref Reference). Retrieved April 9 2021 from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/WCAG21\/quickref\/#top."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","unstructured":"Wikimedia Foundation - Wikipedia. 2023. List of disability-related terms with negative connotations. Wikipedia . Retrieved February 5 2023 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations&oldid=1135461664."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","author":"Williams Candace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Candace Williams, Lilian de Greef, Ed Harris, Leah Findlater, Amy Pavel, and Cynthia Bennett. 2022. Toward supporting quality alt text in computing publications. In Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference, ACM, Lyon, France, 1\u201312. DOI:10.1145\/3493612.3520449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","first-page":"1180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing","author":"Wu Shaomei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaomei Wu, Jeffrey Wieland, Omid Farivar, and Julie Schiller. 2017. Automatic Alt-text: Computer-generated image descriptions for blind users on a social network service. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM, Portland, Oregon, USA, 1180\u20131192. DOI:10.1145\/2998181.2998364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","author":"Yesilada Yeliz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeliz Yesilada, Giorgio Brajnik, Markel Vigo, and Simon Harper. 2012. Understanding web accessibility and its drivers. In Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility. ACM, Lyon, France, 1\u20139. DOI:10.1145\/2207016.2207027"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3587469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3587469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:16Z","timestamp":1750182556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3587469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3587469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3587469","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}