{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:45:53Z","timestamp":1781279153120,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21&ZD124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21&ZD124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TAL education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072082, U2241212, 62202088, 62232009, 61925205, 62137001, 62272093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072082, U2241212, 62202088, 62232009, 61925205, 62137001, 62272093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017582","name":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CCF-Huawei Populus euphratica Innovation Research Funding","award":["CCF-HuaweiDB2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-HuaweiDB2022003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2216012, N2216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2216012, N2216015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Manag. Data"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multinational enterprises conduct global business that has a demand for geo-distributed transactional databases. Existing state-of-the-art databases adopt a sharded master-follower replication architecture. However, the single-master serving mode incurs massive cross-region writes from clients, and the sharded architecture requires multiple round-trip acknowledgments (e.g., 2PC) to ensure atomicity for cross-shard transactions. These limitations drive us to seek yet another design choice. In this paper, we propose a strongly consistent OLTP database GeoGauss with full replica multi-master architecture. To efficiently merge the updates from different master nodes, we propose a multi-master OCC that unifies data replication and concurrent transaction processing. By leveraging an epoch-based delta state merge rule and the optimistic asynchronous execution, GeoGauss ensures strong consistency with light-coordinated protocol and allows more concurrency with weak isolation, which are sufficient to meet our needs. Our geo-distributed experimental results show that GeoGauss achieves 7.06X higher throughput and 17.41X lower latency than the state-of-the-art geo-distributed database CockroachDB on the TPC-C benchmark.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3588916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T17:42:05Z","timestamp":1685468525000},"page":"1-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["GeoGauss: Strongly Consistent and Light-Coordinated OLTP for Geo-Replicated SQL Database"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9665-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7952-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3522-0910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8679-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4850-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sihao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-2815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8649-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technology Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9063-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caiyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9987-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangjun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1157-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3171-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ge","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2022. Apache CouchDB. http:\/\/couchdb.apache.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"2022. Apache HBase. https:\/\/hbase.apache.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"2022. ArangoDB. https:\/\/www.arangodb.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"2022. Aria: A Fast and Practical Deterministic OLTP Database. https:\/\/github.com\/luyi0619\/aria"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"2022. Baidu braft. https:\/\/github.com\/baidu\/braft"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"2022. CalvinFS. http:\/\/https:\/\/github.com\/kunrenyale\/CalvinFS"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"2022. Cloudant. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/hk-en\/cloud\/cloudant"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"2022. ExtremeDB: Cluster Distributed Database System. https:\/\/www.mcobject.com\/cluster\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"2022. FaunaDB. https:\/\/fauna.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"2022. Galera Cluster for MySQL. https:\/\/galeracluster.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"2022. GNU Gzip. https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/gzip\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"2022. gRPC: A high performance open source universal RPC framework. https:\/\/grpc.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"2022. MySQL Tungsten. https:\/\/www.continuent.com\/products\/tungsten-replicator"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","unstructured":"2022. MySQL's primary-secondary replication. https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"2022. openGauss. https:\/\/opengauss.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"2022. PostgreSQL BDR. https:\/\/wiki.postgresql.org\/wiki\/BDR_Project"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"2022. Protocol Buffers. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/protocol-buffers"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"2022. Redis CRDT. https:\/\/redis.com\/blog\/diving-into-crdts\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","unstructured":"2022. Riak: Enterprise NoSQL Database. https:\/\/riak.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"2022. Semi-synchronous replication at facebook. http:\/\/yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"2022. TPC-C Homepage. https:\/\/www.tpc.org\/tpcc\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"2022. YugabyteDB: Distributed SQL Database. https:\/\/www.yugabyte.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"2022. ZeroMQ: An open-source universal messaging library. https:\/\/zeromq.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3181853"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE48307.2020.00123"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3424573.3424578"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26850-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3110214"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Peter Alvaro Neil Conway Joseph M Hellerstein and William R Marczak. 2011. Consistency Analysis in Bloom: a CALM and Collected Approach.. In CIDR. 249--260."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342275"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3452807"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3415478.3415537"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2735508.2735509"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Coordination avoidance in distributed databases","author":"Bailis Peter David","unstructured":"Peter David Bailis. 2015. Coordination avoidance in distributed databases. University of California, Berkeley."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1620585.1620587"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2732967.2732970"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2391229.2391230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2491245"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3319889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294261.1294281"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1217935.1217947"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3055540.3055553"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","unstructured":"Ant group. 2022. OceanBase. https:\/\/open.oceanbase.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Resilientdb: Global scale resilient blockchain fabric. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.00160","author":"Gupta Suyash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suyash Gupta, Sajjad Rahnama, Jelle Hellings, and Mohammad Sadoghi. 2020. Resilientdb: Global scale resilient blockchain fabric. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.00160 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3055540.3055548"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3476249.3476275"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1773912.1773922"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3407790.3407808"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3446095.3446098"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342270"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","unstructured":"Pincap. 2022. TiDB. https:\/\/pingcap.com\/products\/tidb"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Conflict-free replicated data types: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.10254","author":"Pregui\u00e7a Nuno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nuno Pregui\u00e7a. 2018. Conflict-free replicated data types: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.10254 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT). 73--84","author":"Qadah Thamir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thamir Qadah, Suyash Gupta, and Mohammad Sadoghi. 2020. Q-Store: Distributed, Multi-partition Transactions via Queue-oriented Execution and Communication. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT). 73--84."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274808.3274810"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2536222.2536230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","volume-title":"RingBFT: Resilient Consensus over Sharded Ring Topology. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.13047","author":"Rahnama Sajjad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sajjad Rahnama, Suyash Gupta, Rohan Sogani, Dhruv Krishnan, and Mohammad Sadoghi. 2021. RingBFT: Resilient Consensus over Sharded Ring Topology. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.13047 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342647"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2732951.2732955"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","volume-title":"A comprehensive study of convergent and commutative replicated data types. Ph. D. Dissertation","author":"Shapiro Marc","unstructured":"Marc Shapiro, Nuno Pregui\u00e7a, Carlos Baquero, and Marek Zawirski. 2011. A comprehensive study of convergent and commutative replicated data types. Ph. D. Dissertation. Inria--Centre Paris-Rocquencourt; INRIA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2050613.2050642"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24550-3_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492321.3519579"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318464.3386134"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1920855"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 15)","author":"Thomson Alexander","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alexander Thomson and Daniel J Abadi. 2015. CalvinFS: Consistent WAN Replication and Scalable Metadata Management for Distributed File Systems. In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 15). 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2213836.2213838"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3056101"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","first-page":"344","article-title":"Anna: A kvs for any scale","volume":"33","author":"Wu Chenggang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chenggang Wu, Jose M Faleiro, Yihan Lin, and Joseph M Hellerstein. 2019. Anna: A kvs for any scale. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 33, 2 (2019), 344--358.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3311880.3311881"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2578319"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3588916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3588916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:47:37Z","timestamp":1750178857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3588916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3588916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3588916","relation":{},"ISSN":["2836-6573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2836-6573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}}}