{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:12:19Z","timestamp":1750219939460,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"DIGIGRAF","award":["EXCELLENCE\/0421\/0540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXCELLENCE\/0421\/0540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of graffiti studies during the last couple of decades highlighted the relevance and potential of graffiti as a complementary source for understanding different aspects of past societies. Moreover, the availability of digital documentation techniques crucially increased data production, showing the widespread presence of graffiti in Medieval and Early Modern contexts across Europe.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>However, the approach to historical graffiti has not been yet structured. Guidelines, specific analytical tools, and descriptors are still missing due to various reasons. First, graffiti are a multiform and multimodal graphic expression, so texts, signs, and images must be considered together despite their different communicative nature. Secondly, due to their variety in forms and contents, graffiti have been studied from many perspectives (e.g., epigraphy, palaeography, history, art history, maritime studies), following the specific interests of each scholar. Consequently, the numerous and extensive contributions concerning graffiti highlight the lack of shared standards and approaches, hindering data analysis and interoperability. The panorama emerging is fragmentary and unstructured.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            This article thus aims to offer a first step toward the development of a specific methodology for the analysis and study of Medieval and Early Modern European graffiti. Precisely, a specific ontology adopting CIDOC CRM for Medieval and Early Modern graffiti will be presented, as developed in a preliminary form within the DIGIGRAF project\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"fn\">\n              <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:xref>\n            with the support of the ARIADNEplus\n            <jats:xref ref-type=\"fn\">\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:xref>\n            network.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3589230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T12:21:49Z","timestamp":1680265309000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Between Written and Visual Communication: CIDOC CRM Ontology for Medieval and Early Modern European Graffiti"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6650-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Trentin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cyprus Institute, Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center (STARC), APACLabs, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achille","family":"Felicetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAST-LAB, PIN S.c.R.L., Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479885886.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Ancient Graffiti in Context","author":"Baird Jennifer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jennifer Baird and Claire Taylor (Eds.). 2011. Ancient Graffiti in Context. Routledge, London."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Regio I - Latium et Campania: Fascicolo III - Pompeii et Herculaneum: Graffiti","author":"Benefiel Rebecca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rebecca Benefiel, Holly Sypniewski, Kyle Helms, and Erika Zimmermann Damer. 2017. Regio I - Latium et Campania: Fascicolo III - Pompeii et Herculaneum: Graffiti. Italia Epigrafica Digitale, II, no. 3. https:\/\/scholarship.richmond.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=classicalstudies-faculty-publications. 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The medium is the message: Votive devotional imagery and gift giving amongst the commonality in the late medieval parish. Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 3, 4 (2012), 103\u2013123.","journal-title":"Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Medieval Graffiti. The Lost Voices of England's Churches","author":"Champion Matthew J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matthew J. Champion. 2015. Medieval Graffiti. The Lost Voices of England's Churches. Ebury Press, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Physical Evidence for Ritual Acts, Sorcery and Witchcraft in Christian Britain: A Feeling for Magic","author":"Champion Matthew J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matthew J. Champion. 2016. Magic on the walls: Ritual protection marks in the Medieval church. Physical Evidence for Ritual Acts, Sorcery and Witchcraft in Christian Britain: A Feeling for Magic, Richard Hutton (Ed.). Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 15\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Memory made solid: Informal church monuments and graffiti","volume":"33","author":"Champion Matthew J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthew J. Champion. 2018. Memory made solid: Informal church monuments and graffiti. Church Monuments 33 (2018), 10\u201336.","journal-title":"Church Monuments"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Mestiere di Epigrafista. Guida alla Schedatura del Materiale Epigrafico Lapideo","author":"Manzella Ivan Di Stefano","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ivan Di Stefano Manzella. 1987. Mestiere di Epigrafista. Guida alla Schedatura del Materiale Epigrafico Lapideo. Quasar, Roma."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5117\/TVGESCH2018.1.DIRV"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of CRMEX 2015","year":"2015","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Achille Felicetti, Francesca Murano, Paola Ronzino, and Franco Niccolucci. 2015. 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Les \u201cgraffitis\u201d sur tables d'autel aux \u00e9poques pr\u00e9-romane et romane. Note \u00e0 propos des inscriptions de l'autel de Gellone. Xavier Barral i Altet and Christian Lauranson-Rosaz. La fondation de l'abbaye de Gellone. L'autel M\u00e9di\u00e9val. In Actes de la table ronde d'ao\u00fbt 2002 137\u2013146 Amis de Saint-Guilhem-le-D\u00e9sert."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14324\/111.444.2041-9015.1283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Medieval and early modern graffiti: Multicultural and multimodal communication in Cyprus","volume":"50","author":"Trentin Mia G.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mia G. Trentin. 2021b. Medieval and early modern graffiti: Multicultural and multimodal communication in Cyprus. 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