{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:25:50Z","timestamp":1784391950530,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":79,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany","award":["16KISK002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK002"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport Germany","award":["19OI22017A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19OI22017A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645328","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T07:08:13Z","timestamp":1715152093000},"page":"2723-2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["A Multifaceted Look at Starlink Performance"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6198-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitinder","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5331-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Cech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1520-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5420-5952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakita Rayyan","family":"Renatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-5143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh K.","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Active queue management: A survey","author":"Adams Richelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richelle Adams. 2012. Active queue management: A survey. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials , Vol. 15, 3 (2012), 1425--1476."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2023. Luna Cloud Gaming. https:\/\/luna.amazon.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"Alan Boyle. 2019. Amazon to offer broadband access from orbit with 3 236-satellite `Project Kuiper' constellation. https:\/\/www.geekwire.com\/2019\/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-satellite\/. Accessed: 2023-05--26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2021.643095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"Case No. 2021-00002. 2021. Application of Starlink Services. https:\/\/psc.ky.gov\/pscecf\/2021-00002\/kerry.ingle%40dinslaw.com\/01042021010318\/Application_-_Designation_as_ETC.PDF Accessed on 2023-05--24."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487552.3487847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815675.2815719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3449854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487552.3487854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3614204.3616108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3523230.3523236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3624354.3630588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Business Insider. 2023. Everything we know about Elon Musk's Starlink satellites and future internet plans. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/elon-musk-starlink-satellites-internet Accessed: 2023--10--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"iperf. 2023. iperf \/ iperf3. https:\/\/iperf.fr\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","first-page":"540","article-title":"System and method of providing a medium access control scheduler","volume":"11","author":"Iyer Jayasuryan V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jayasuryan V Iyer, Khasim Shaheed Shaik Mahammad, Yashodhan Dandekar, Ramakrishna Akella, Chen Chen, Phillip E Barber, and Peter J Worters. 2022. System and method of providing a medium access control scheduler. US Patent 11,540,301.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liz Izhikevich Manda Tran Katherine Izhikevich Gautam Akiwate and Zakir Durumeric. 2024. Democratizing LEO Satellite Network Measurement. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.07469","DOI":"10.1145\/3652963.3655052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"Amritha Jayanti. 2023. Starlink and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Case of Commercial Technology and Public Purpose? https:\/\/www.belfercenter.org\/publication\/starlink-and-russia-ukraine-war-case-commercial-technology-and-public-purpose."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3416012.3424625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342468.2342470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341302.3342073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Dr. T.S. Kelso. 2023. CelesTrak. https:\/\/celestrak.org\/ Accessed: 2023--10--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","unstructured":"Gunther Krebs. 2021. Starlink Block v1.0. https:\/\/space.skyrocket.de\/doc_sdat\/starlink-v1-0.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"Measurement Lab. 2023 a. M-Lab to the Cloud. https:\/\/www.measurementlab.net\/blog\/virtual-sites-gcp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Measurement Lab. 2023 b. Measurement Lab Infrastructure. https:\/\/www.measurementlab.net\/status\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Lai Zeqi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeqi Lai, Hewu Li, Yangtao Deng, Qian Wu, Jun Liu, Yuanjie Li, Jihao Li, Lixin Liu, Weisen Liu, and Jianping Wu. 2023. StarryNet: Empowering Researchers to Evaluate Futuristic Integrated Space and Terrestrial Networks. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23). USENIX Association, Boston, MA, 1309--1324. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi23\/presentation\/lai-zeqi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1879141.1879143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3570361.3592519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485983.3494869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","unstructured":"Sami Ma Yi Ching Chou Haoyuan Zhao Long Chen Xiaoqiang Ma and Jiangchuan Liu. 2022--12--28. Network Characteristics of LEO Satellite Constellations: A Starlink-Based Measurement from End Users. (2022--12--28). showeprint[arXiv]2212.13697 [cs.NI]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4182994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","unstructured":"Jonathan C. McDowell. 2023. Jonathan's Space Pages: StarlinkStatistics. https:\/\/planet4589.org\/space\/con\/star\/stats.html. Accessed: 2023--10."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","unstructured":"Measurement Lab. (2009-02--11 -- 2015--12--21). The M-Lab NDT Data Set. https:\/\/measurementlab.net\/tests\/ndt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422604.3425943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Rohan Bose, Mahesh Marina, and J\u00f6rg Ott.","author":"Mohan Nitinder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nitinder Mohan, Andrew Ferguson, Hendrik Cech, Prakita Rayyan Renatin, Rohan Bose, Mahesh Marina, and J\u00f6rg Ott. 2023. Top-3 Mobile Network Operators. https:\/\/github.com\/nitindermohan\/multifaceted-starlink-performance\/blob\/main\/mno_related\/mno_list_withasn.csv."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitinder Mohan Andrew Ferguson Hendrik Cech Prakita Rayyan Renatin Rohan Bose Mahesh Marina and J\u00f6rg Ott. 2024 a. A Multifaceted Look at Starlink Performance: Code. https:\/\/github.com\/nitindermohan\/multifaceted-starlink-performance","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nitinder Mohan Andrew Ferguson Hendrik Cech Prakita Rayyan Renatin Rohan Bose Mahesh Marina and J\u00f6rg Ott. 2024 b. A Multifaceted Look at Starlink Performance: Dataset. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14459\/2024mp1734703","DOI":"10.14459\/2024mp1734703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","unstructured":"TWiT Tech Podcast Network. 2021. Dave Taht To Elon Musk: 'We are gonna fix bufferbloat' . http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c9gLo6Xrwgw"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3012695.3012702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"OneWeb. 2023. OneWeb: Connect with Ease. https:\/\/oneweb.net\/connect_with_ease. Accessed: 2023-05--26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","unstructured":"Nathan Owens. 2023. Unofficial Crowdsourced Starlink Global Gateways & PoPs. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3tykCGW. Accessed: 2023-05-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC56721.2023.10294034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3530190.3534813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","unstructured":"Pete Heist. 2023. irtt (Isochronous Round-Trip Tester). https:\/\/github.com\/heistp\/irtt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.1999.5340513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","unstructured":"Mike Puchol. 2023. Starlink Coverage Tracker. https:\/\/starlink.sx\/ Accessed: 2023--10--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3629137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","unstructured":"RIPE. 2023. RIPE Atlas. https:\/\/atlas.ripe.net\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_60_1","unstructured":"Via Satellite. 2023. Starlink Surpasses 2 Million Subscribers. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3rDop5y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3464994.3465000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_62_1","unstructured":"SpaceX. 2016. SPACEX NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEM. https:\/\/fcc.report\/IBFS\/SAT-LOA-20161115-00118\/1158350.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_63_1","unstructured":"SpaceX. 2019. SPACEX NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEM. https:\/\/fcc.report\/IBFS\/SAT-MOD-20190830-00087\/1877671."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_64_1","unstructured":"SpaceX. 2021. PETITION OF STARLINK SERVICES LLC FOR DESIGNATION AS AN ELIGIBLE TELECOMMUNICATIONS CARRIER. https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/ecfs\/search\/search-filings\/filing\/1020316268311."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_65_1","unstructured":"sparky8512. 2023. starlink-grpc-tools. https:\/\/github.com\/sparky8512\/starlink-grpc-tools."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_66_1","unstructured":"Starlink. 2023 a. Starlink. https:\/\/www.starlink.com. Accessed: 2023-05--26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_67_1","unstructured":"Starlink. 2023 b. Starlink Direct to Cell. https:\/\/direct.starlink.com\/ Accessed: 2023--10--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_68_1","unstructured":"Starlink. 2023 c. Starlink Fair Use Policy. https:\/\/www.starlink.com\/legal\/documents\/DOC-1134--82708--70."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_69_1","unstructured":"Starlink. 2023 d. Starlink Location IP Mapping. https:\/\/geoip.starlinkisp.net\/feed.csv."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_70_1","unstructured":"Starlink. 2023 e. Starlink maritime. https:\/\/www.starlink.com\/maritime."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_71_1","unstructured":"Starlink-Admins. 2023. Starlink Mailing List. https:\/\/lists.bufferbloat.net\/pipermail\/starlink\/. Accessed: 2024-02-01."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_72_1","unstructured":"LLC Starlink Services. 2021. Petition of Starlink Services LLC for Designation as an Eligible Telecommunications Carrier. Submitted to the Department of Telecommunications and Cable Commonwealth of Massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_73_1","volume-title":"Padmanabhan","author":"Taneja Aryan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aryan Taneja, Debopam Bhattacherjee, Saikat Guha, and Venkata N. Padmanabhan. 2023. On viewing SpaceX Starlink through the Social Media Lens. arxiv: 2307.13441 [cs.NI]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3624354.3630586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_75_1","unstructured":"Elon Musk Twitter. 2023 a. Starlink Inter-Satellite Links. https:\/\/twitter.com\/elonmusk\/status\/1535394359373443073?lang=en."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_76_1","unstructured":"Starlink Twitter. 2023 b. Starlink Twitter inter-satellite link announcement. https:\/\/twitter.com\/Starlink\/status\/1706718537711337650."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_77_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia. 2023. Starlink. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starlink."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44081-7_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592473.3592562"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '24: The ACM Web Conference 2024","location":"Singapore Singapore","acronym":"WWW '24","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3589334.3645328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3589334.3645328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:31:19Z","timestamp":1755822679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3589334.3645328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3589334.3645328","10.1145\/3589334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3589334.3645328","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}