{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:03:59Z","timestamp":1775534639807,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":8,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3589335.3651526","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T18:41:21Z","timestamp":1715539281000},"page":"887-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Is Cosine-Similarity of Embeddings Really About Similarity?"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7448-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Steck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Netflix Inc., Los Gatos, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8029-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Ekanadham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netflix Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Kallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netflix Inc. &amp; Cornell University, New York, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"J. L. Ba J. R. Kiros and G. E. Hinton. 2016. Layer Normalization. arXiv:1607.06450."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD).","author":"Jin R.","unstructured":"R. Jin, D. Li, J. Gao, Z. Liu, L. Chen, and Y. Zhou. 2021. Towards a Better Understanding of Linear Models for Recommendation. In ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Karpukhin B. Oguz S. Min P. Lewis L. Wu S. Edunov D. Chen and W. Yih. 2020. Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering. arXiv:2004.04906v3.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Khattab and M. Zaharia. 2020. ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT. arXiv:2004.12832v2.","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume":"201","author":"Mikolov T.","unstructured":"T. Mikolov, K. Chen, G. Corrado, and J. Dean. 2013. Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space. arXiv:1301.3781","journal-title":"J. Dean."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"H. Steck. 2020. Autoencoders that don't overfit towards the Identity. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"S. Zheng C. Ding and F. Nie. 2018. Regularized Singular Value Decomposition and Application to Recommender System. arXiv:1804.05090."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.","author":"Zhou K.","unstructured":"K. Zhou, K. Ethayarajh, D. Card, and D. Jurafsky. 2022. Problems with Cosine as a Measure of Embedding Similarity for High Frequency Words. In 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '24: The ACM Web Conference 2024","location":"Singapore Singapore","acronym":"WWW '24","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3589335.3651526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3589335.3651526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:35:14Z","timestamp":1755822914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3589335.3651526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":8,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3589335.3651526","10.1145\/3589335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3589335.3651526","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}