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Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Homomorphic encryption (HE) is an encryption scheme that provides arithmetic operations on the encrypted data without doing decryption.  \nFor Ring-based HE, an encryption scheme that uses arithmetic operations on a polynomial ring as building blocks, performance improvement of unit HE operations has been achieved by two kinds of efforts.  \nThe first one is through accelerating the building blocks, polynomial operations.  \nHowever, it does not facilitate optimizations across polynomial operations such as fusing two polynomial operations.  \nThe second one is implementing highly optimized HE operations in an amalgamated manner.  \nThe written codes have superior performance, but they are hard to maintain.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To resolve these challenges, we propose HEaaN.MLIR, a compiler that performs optimizations across polynomial operations.  \nAlso, we propose Poly and ModArith, compiler intermediate representations (IRs) for integer polynomial arithmetic and modulus arithmetic on integer arrays.  \nHEaaN.MLIR has compiler optimizations that are motivated by manual optimizations that HE developers do.  \nThese include optimizing modular arithmetic operations, fusing loops, and vectorizing integer arithmetic instructions.  \nHEaaN.MLIR can parse a program consisting of the Poly and ModArith instructions and generate a high-performance, multithreaded machine code for a CPU.  \nOur experiment shows that the compiled operations outperform heavily optimized open-source and commercial HE libraries by up to 3.06x in a single thread and 4.55x in multiple threads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3591228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T20:06:24Z","timestamp":1686081984000},"page":"196-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HEaaN.MLIR: An Optimizing Compiler for Fast Ring-Based Homomorphic Encryption"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6915-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunjae","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3528-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woosung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2094-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyeon","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1742-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeongyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7985-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junbum","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CryptoLab, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juneyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Web Services, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2902799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2902799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13154\/tches.v2018.i2.70-95"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Ho Young Jhoo, and Juneyoung Lee","author":"Bang Seongwon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seongwon Bang , Seunghyeon Nam , Inwhan Chun , Ho Young Jhoo, and Juneyoung Lee . 2022 . 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