{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:32:23Z","timestamp":1763202743314,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Discovery","award":["RGPIN-2018-03944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-03944"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2019-05097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-05097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NSERC - the Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT) NOVA Grant","award":["314090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314090"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Artist sketches often use multiple\n            <jats:italic>overdrawn<\/jats:italic>\n            strokes to depict a single intended curve. Humans effortlessly mentally\n            <jats:italic>consolidate<\/jats:italic>\n            such sketches by detecting groups of overdrawn strokes and replacing them with the corresponding intended curves. While this mental process is near instantaneous, manually annotating or retracing sketches to communicate this intended mental image is highly time consuming; yet most sketch applications are not designed to handle overdrawing and can only operate on overdrawing-free, consolidated sketches. We propose\n            <jats:italic>StripMaker<\/jats:italic>\n            , a new and robust learning based method for automatic consolidation of raw vector sketches. We avoid the need for an unsustainably large manually annotated learning corpus by leveraging observations about artist workflow and perceptual cues viewers employ when mentally consolidating sketches. We train two perception-aware classifiers that assess the likelihood that a pair of stroke groups jointly depicts the same intended curve: our first classifier is purely local and only accounts for the properties of the evaluated strokes; our second classifier incorporates global context and is designed to operate on approximately consolidated sketches. We embed these classifiers within a consolidation framework that leverages artist workflow: we first process strokes in the order they were drawn and use our local classifier to arrive at an approximate consolidation output, then use the contextual classifier to refine this output and finalize the consolidated result. We validate StripMaker by comparing its results to manual consolidation outputs and algorithmic alternatives. StripMaker achieves comparable performance to manual consolidation. In a comparative study participants preferred our results by a 53% margin over those of the closest algorithmic alternative (67% versus 14%, other\/neither 19%).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3592130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T15:47:45Z","timestamp":1690386465000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["StripMaker: Perception-driven Learned Vector Sketch Consolidation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4880-3107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiki","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Bessmeltsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9251-3716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alla","family":"Sheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Adobe Inc. 2021. Adobe Illustrator. https:\/\/adobe.com\/products\/illustrator"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"SketchSoup: Exploratory Ideation Using Design Sketches. Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Arora Rahul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rahul Arora, Ishan Darolia, Vinay P. Namboodiri, Karan Singh, and Adrien Bousseau. 2017. SketchSoup: Exploratory Ideation Using Design Sketches. Computer Graphics Forum (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276415"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1449715.1449740"},{"volume-title":"Vectorizing Line Drawings with Near-Constant Line Width. In 2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 805--808","author":"Bao B.","key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"B. Bao and H. Fu. 2012. Vectorizing Line Drawings with Near-Constant Line Width. In 2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 805--808."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01635.x"},{"volume-title":"Geometric Clustering for Line Drawing Simplification. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Sketches (SIGGRAPH '05)","author":"Barla Pascal","key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"Pascal Barla, Jo\u00eblle Thollot, and Fran\u00e7ois X. Sillion. 2005. Geometric Clustering for Line Drawing Simplification. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Sketches (SIGGRAPH '05). Association for Computing Machinery, 96--es."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192426.192496"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3202661"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980179.2980240"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00562"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"Blender. 2022. Grease Pencil. https:\/\/www.blender.org\/features\/grease-pencil\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208550"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-018-1549-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00701"},{"volume-title":"An Accurate System for Fashion Hand-Drawn Sketches Vectorization. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW). 2280--2286","author":"Donati L.","key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"L. Donati, S. Cesano, and A. Prati. 2017. An Accurate System for Fashion Hand-Drawn Sketches Vectorization. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW). 2280--2286."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7311-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58601-0_35"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Sketching: Drawing Techniques for Product Designers","author":"Eissen Koos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koos Eissen and Roselien Steur. 2008. Sketching: Drawing Techniques for Product Designers. Bis Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925946"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070781.2024200"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Advanced Drawing Beautification with ShipShape. Computers & Graphics 56 (May","author":"Fi\u0161er Jakub","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jakub Fi\u0161er, Paul Asente, Stephen Schiller, and Daniel S\u00fdkora. 2016. Advanced Drawing Beautification with ShipShape. Computers & Graphics 56 (May 2016), 46--58."},{"volume-title":"A Fast and Efficient Semi-Guided Algorithm for Flat Coloring Line-Arts","author":"Fourey S\u00e9bastien","key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"S\u00e9bastien Fourey, David Tschumperl\u00e9, and David Revoy. 2018. A Fast and Efficient Semi-Guided Algorithm for Flat Coloring Line-Arts. The Eurographics Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Proc. Symp. on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling. 121--130","author":"Grimm Cindy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cindy Grimm and Pushkar Joshi. 2012. Just DrawIt: A 3D Sketching System. In Proc. Symp. on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling. 121--130."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Thirty-sixth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track.","author":"Grinsztajn Leo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leo Grinsztajn, Edouard Oyallon, and Gael Varoquaux. 2022. Why do tree-based models still outperform deep learning on typical tabular data?. In Thirty-sixth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417851"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356533"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13818"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01410-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","volume":"1","author":"Ho Tin Kam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tin Kam Ho. 1995. Random decision forests. In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Vol. 1. 278--282."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073323"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02235-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13365"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt Psychology","author":"Koffka K.","key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","unstructured":"K. Koffka. 1955. Principles of Gestalt Psychology. Routledge & K. Paul."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(95)00081-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201314"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818067"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2022.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459833"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070781.2024219"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445215"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1953048.2078195"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","article-title":"Keypoint-Driven Line Drawing Vectorization via PolyVector Flow","volume":"40","author":"Puhachov Ivan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivan Puhachov, William Neveu, Edward Chien, and Mikhail Bessmeltsev. 2021. Keypoint-Driven Line Drawing Vectorization via PolyVector Flow. ACM Trans. on Graph. (Proc. of SIGGRAPH Asia) 40, 6 (12 2021).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. on Graph. (Proc. of SIGGRAPH Asia)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Rosin. 1994. Grouping Curved Lines. (1994).","DOI":"10.5244\/C.8.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185541"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132703"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201370"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925972"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Integer-Grid Sketch Simplification and Vectorization. Computer Graphics Forum (Proc. SGP) 39, 5 (7","author":"Stanko Tibor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tibor Stanko, Mikhail Bessmeltsev, David Bommes, and Adrien Bousseau. 2020. Integer-Grid Sketch Simplification and Vectorization. Computer Graphics Forum (Proc. SGP) 39, 5 (7 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459777"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029333"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-018-1608-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601128"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","volume-title":"Deep learning for free-hand sketch: A survey","author":"Xu Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng Xu, Timothy M Hospedales, Qiyue Yin, Yi-Zhe Song, Tao Xiang, and Liang Wang. 2022. Deep learning for free-hand sketch: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2930512"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417784"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","volume-title":"Detecting Viewer-Perceived Intended Vector Sketch Connectivity. ACM Transactions on Graphics 41","author":"Yin Jerry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jerry Yin, Chenxi Liu, Rebecca Lin, Nicholas Vining, Helge Rhodin, and Alla Sheffer. 2022. Detecting Viewer-Perceived Intended Vector Sketch Connectivity. ACM Transactions on Graphics 41 (2022). Issue 4."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3592130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3592130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:37:46Z","timestamp":1750178266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3592130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3592130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3592130","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0730-0301"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7368"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}