{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:39:51Z","timestamp":1784288391925,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":110,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P\/P024394\/1, EP\/R033501\/1, ES\/T006315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/P024394\/1, EP\/R033501\/1, ES\/T006315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594073","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T10:40:46Z","timestamp":1686566446000},"page":"1186-1197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Understanding accountability in algorithmic supply chains"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cobbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Veale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Laws, University College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Compliant &amp; Accountable Systems Group, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Ada Lovelace Institute. 2020. Examining the Black Box: Tools for Assessing Algorithmic Systems. https:\/\/www.adalovelaceinstitute.org\/report\/examining-the-black-box-tools-for-assessing-algorithmic-systems\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Amazon. [n. d.]. Mechanical Turk. https:\/\/www.mturk.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2021. Artificial Intelligence Services. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ machine-learning\/ai-services. (Accessed on 04\/11\/2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Case Study: WeShine. https:\/\/perma.cc\/2V2T-NNKT.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amazon. 2021. Case Study: WeShine. https:\/\/perma.cc\/2V2T-NNKT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816676645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2023. Anthropic Partners with Google Cloud. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/index\/anthropic-partners-with-google-cloud-2."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2019.2942288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI. Information Fusion 58","author":"Alejandro Barredo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alejandro Barredo Arrieta 2020. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI. Information Fusion 58 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.71265\/sfcgjr17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Beyond Debiasing: Regulating AI and Its Inequalities. https:\/\/perma.cc\/4UAV-3UFB.","author":"Balayn Agathe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agathe Balayn and Seda G\u00fcrses. 2021. Beyond Debiasing: Regulating AI and Its Inequalities. https:\/\/perma.cc\/4UAV-3UFB."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"The quest for responsibility. Accountability and citizenship in complex organisations","author":"Bovens Mark","unstructured":"Mark Bovens. 1998. The quest for responsibility. Accountability and citizenship in complex organisations. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"European Governance Papers No. C-06-01","author":"Bovens Mark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mark Bovens. 2006. Analysing and Assessing Public Accountability. A Conceptual Framework. EUROGOV, European Governance Papers No. C-06-01 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2010.486119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API. Computational Culture: A Journal of Software Studies 3","author":"Bucher Tania","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tania Bucher. 2013. Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API. Computational Culture: A Journal of Software Studies 3 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. PMLR, 77\u201391","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. PMLR, 77\u201391."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"388","article-title":"Case C\u2011210\/16, Unabh\u00e4ngiges Landeszentrum f\u00fcr Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH","volume":"2018","author":"CJEU.","year":"2018","unstructured":"CJEU. 2018. Case C\u2011210\/16, Unabh\u00e4ngiges Landeszentrum f\u00fcr Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH. ECLI:EU:C:2018:388.","journal-title":"ECLI:EU:C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Case C\u201125\/17, Jehovan todistajat","volume":"2018","author":"CJEU.","year":"2018","unstructured":"CJEU. 2018. Case C\u201125\/17, Jehovan todistajat. ECLI:EU:C:2018:551.","journal-title":"ECLI:EU:C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"CJEU. 2019. Case C-49\/17 Fashion ID GmbH & Co.KG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV.ECLI:EU:C:2019:629."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Case C-154\/21, \u00d6sterreichische Post","volume":"2023","author":"CJEU.","year":"2023","unstructured":"CJEU. 2023. Case C-154\/21, \u00d6sterreichische Post. ECLI:EU:C:2023:3.","journal-title":"ECLI:EU:C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Clearview AI. [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.clearview.ai. https:\/\/www.clearview.ai."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","article-title":"What lies beneath: Transparency in online service supply chains","volume":"5","author":"Cobbe Jennifer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jennifer Cobbe 2019. What lies beneath: Transparency in online service supply chains. Journal of Cyber Policy 5, 1 (2019).","journal-title":"Journal of Cyber Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence as a Service: Legal Responsibilities, Liabilities, and Policy Challenges. Forthcoming in Computer Law & Security Review","author":"Cobbe Jennifer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jennifer Cobbe and Jatinder Singh. 2021. Artificial Intelligence as a Service: Legal Responsibilities, Liabilities, and Policy Challenges. Forthcoming in Computer Law & Security Review (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Jennifer Cobbe and Jatinder Singh. 2023. Data Protection Doesn\u2019t Work. (2023). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4437133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Piracy","author":"Cohen Julie E","unstructured":"Julie E Cohen. 2012. \u201cPiracy,\u201d \u201cSecurity,\u201d and Architectures of Control. In Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and the Play of Everyday Practice. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism","author":"Cohen Julie E","unstructured":"Julie E Cohen. 2019. Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"EU Commission 2021. Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts. COM (2021) 206 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"How Artifacts Afford: The Power and Politics of Everyday Things","author":"Davis Jenny","unstructured":"Jenny Davis. 2020. How Artifacts Afford: The Power and Politics of Everyday Things. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Demos et al. 2020. Algorithm Inspection and Regulatory Access."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Law as a User: Design, Affordance, and the Technological Mediation of Norms. SCRIPTed: A Journal of Law","author":"Diver Laurence","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laurence Diver. 2018. Law as a User: Design, Affordance, and the Technological Mediation of Norms. SCRIPTed: A Journal of Law, Technology & Society (2018). Issue 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"EAIDB: The Ethical AI Database .2023. Market Map. https:\/\/www.eaidb.org\/map.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Slave to the algorithm: Why a right to an explanation is probably not the remedy you are looking for","volume":"16","author":"Edwards Lilian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lilian Edwards and Michael Veale. 2017. Slave to the algorithm: Why a right to an explanation is probably not the remedy you are looking for. Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 16 (2017), 18.","journal-title":"Duke L. & Tech. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"What Is Sociology? (revised ed.)","author":"Elias Norbert","unstructured":"Norbert Elias. 1984. What Is Sociology? (revised ed.). Columbia University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). OJEU L119 (4 May 2016) 1\u201388."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Hugging Face. 2022. The AI community building the future.https:\/\/huggingface.co."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-009-9198-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Hanna Wallach, Hal Daum\u00e9 III, and Kate Crawford.","author":"Gebru Timnit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru, Jamie Morgenstern, Briana Vecchione, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Hal Daum\u00e9 III, and Kate Crawford. 2018. Datasheets for datasets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.09010 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Samuel Gibbs. 2014. Google buys UK artificial intelligence startup Deepmind for \u00a3400m. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2014\/jan\/27\/google-acquires-uk-artificial-intelligence-startup-deepmind."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195118254.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Google. 2021. Cloud AI Building Blocks. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/products\/ai\/building-blocks. (Accessed on 04\/11\/2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2020. Algorithmic Impact Assessment."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","author":"Gray Mary L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mary L Gray and Siddharth Suri. 2019. Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Privacy After the Agile Turn","author":"G\u00fcrses Seda","unstructured":"Seda G\u00fcrses and Joris van Hoboken. 2017. Privacy After the Agile Turn. In Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Privacy, Jules Polonetsky, Omer Tene, and Evan Selinger (Eds.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Kori Hale. 2019. Google & Microsoft Banking On Africa\u2019s AI Labeling Workforce. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/korihale\/2019\/05\/28\/google-microsoft-banking-on-africas-ai-labeling-workforce."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Against Prediction","author":"Harcourt Bernard E","unstructured":"Bernard E Harcourt. 2007. Against Prediction. University of Chicago Press, Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"HireVue. 2022. End-to-End Hiring Experience Platform: Video Interviewing Conversational AI & More | HireVue. https:\/\/www.hirevue.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"IBM. 2021. IBM Watson products and solutions. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/uk-en\/watson\/products-services."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Infermedica. 2022. Call Center Triage. https:\/\/infermedica.com\/product\/call-center-triage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Information Commissioner\u2019s Office and The Alan Turing Institute. 2020. Explaining decisions made with AI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375627.3375873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Privacy in the Clouds: An Empirical Study of the Terms of Service and Privacy Policies of 20 Cloud Service Providers. Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 209\/2015","author":"Kamarinou Dimitra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dimitra Kamarinou, Christopher Millard, and Kuan Hon, W. 2015. Privacy in the Clouds: An Empirical Study of the Terms of Service and Privacy Policies of 20 Cloud Service Providers. Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 209\/2015 (2015). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2646447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","article-title":"The Right to Contest AI","volume":"121","author":"Kaminski Margot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Margot Kaminski and Jennifer M Urban. 2021. The Right to Contest AI. Columbia Law Review 121, 7 (2021).","journal-title":"Columbia Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency","volume":"624","author":"Koene Ansgar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ansgar Koene 2019. A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency. European Parliamentary Research Service, Panel for the Future of Science and Technology PE 624.262 (April 2019).","journal-title":"European Parliamentary Research Service, Panel for the Future of Science and Technology PE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blagovesta Kostova Seda G\u00fcrses and Carmela Troncoso. 2020. Privacy Engineering Meets Software Engineering. On the Challenges of Engineering Privacy ByDesign. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2007.08613 arxiv:2007.08613 [cs]","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2007.08613"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Accountable algorithms","volume":"165","author":"Kroll Joshua A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshua A. Kroll, Joanna Huey, Solon Barocas, Edward W. Felten, Joel R. Reidenberg, David G. Robinson, and Harlan Yu. 2017. Accountable algorithms. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 165, 3 (Feb. 2017), 633\u2013705.","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Risk identification questionnaire for unintended bias in machine learning development lifecycle. Available at SSRN","author":"Ah Lee Michelle Seng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michelle Seng Ah Lee and Jatinder Singh. 2021. Risk identification questionnaire for unintended bias in machine learning development lifecycle. Available at SSRN (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Jennifer Cobbe, and Jatinder Singh.","author":"Lewicki Kornel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kornel Lewicki, Michelle Seng Ah Lee, Jennifer Cobbe, and Jatinder Singh. 2023. Out of Context: Algorithmic Fairness in \"Artificial Intelligence as a Service\". arXiv:2302.01448 (2023). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2302.01448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Lunit. 2022. AI will be the new standard of care. By Lunit.https:\/\/www.lunit.io\/en."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination","author":"Lyon David","year":"2003","unstructured":"David Lyon (Ed.). 2003. Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination. Routledge, London ; New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"\u201cEffective and Complete Protection","author":"Mahieu Ren\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9 Mahieu, Joris van Hoboken, and Hadi Asghari. 2019. Responsibility for Data Protection in a Networked World: On the Queston of the Controller, \u201cEffective and Complete Protection\u201d and its Application to Data Access Rights in Europe. Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law 10 (2019). Issue 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rego.12417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Ronald E Robertson, Karrie Karahalios, Christo Wilson","author":"Metaxa Dana\u00eb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dana\u00eb Metaxa, Joon Sung Park, Ronald E Robertson, Karrie Karahalios, Christo Wilson, Jeff Hancock, Christian Sandvig, 2021. Auditing algorithms: Understanding algorithmic systems from the outside in. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human\u2013Computer Interaction 14, 4 (2021), 272\u2013344."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2021. Cognitive Services. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/services\/cognitive-services. (Accessed on 04\/11\/2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2023. Microsoft and OpenAI extend partnership. https:\/\/blogs.microsoft.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/23\/microsoftandopenaiextendpartnership."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Cloud Computing Law (2 ed.)","author":"Millard Christopher","unstructured":"Christopher Millard. 2021. Cloud Computing Law (2 ed.). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World","author":"Mosco Vincent","unstructured":"Vincent Mosco. 2014. Dark Clouds. In To the Cloud: Big Data in a Turbulent World. Paradigm, Boulder, CO."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Accountability in a Computerized Society. Science and Engineering Ethics","author":"Nissenbaum Helen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum. 1996. Accountability in a Computerized Society. Science and Engineering Ethics (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"The Design of Everyday Things","author":"Norman Donald","unstructured":"Donald Norman. 1988. The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chris Norval Jennifer Cobbe and Jatinder Singh. 2020. Towards an accountable Internet of Things: A call for \u2018reviewability\u2019. In Privacy by Design for the Internet of Things: Building Accountability and Security. The Institution of Engineering and Technology.","DOI":"10.1049\/PBSE014E_ch5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"The Second Wave of Algorithmic Accountability. Law and Political Economy Project","author":"Pasquale Frank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frank Pasquale. 2019. The Second Wave of Algorithmic Accountability. Law and Political Economy Project (2019). https:\/\/lpeproject.org\/blog\/the-second-wave-of-algorithmic-accountability\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Billy Perrigo. [n. d.]. OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic. TIME ([n. d.]). https:\/\/time.com\/6247678\/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic. https:\/\/time.com\/6247678\/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers.","author":"Perrigo Billy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Billy Perrigo. 2023. Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic. https:\/\/time.com\/6247678\/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Data Cards: Purposeful and Transparent Dataset Documentation for Responsible AI. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency.","author":"Pushkarna Mahima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahima Pushkarna, Andrew Zaldivar, and Oddur Kjartansson. 2022. Data Cards: Purposeful and Transparent Dataset Documentation for Responsible AI. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Pymetrics. 2021. Talent Matching Platform. https:\/\/www.pymetrics.ai\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173677"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology","volume":"76","author":"Reidenberg Joel R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Joel R. Reidenberg. 1998. Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology. Texas Law Review 76, 3 (1998), 553\u2013594.","journal-title":"Texas Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"Dillon Reisman 2018. Algorithmic Impact Assessments: A practical framework for public agency accountability (AI Now)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"Felix Richter. 2022. Amazon Microsoft & Google Dominate Cloud Market. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/chart\/18819\/worldwide-market-share-of-leading-cloud-infrastructure-service-providers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Aequitas: A bias and fairness audit toolkit. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.05577","author":"Saleiro Pedro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pedro Saleiro, Benedict Kuester, Loren Hinkson, Jesse London, Abby Stevens, Ari Anisfeld, Kit T Rodolfa, and Rayid Ghani. 2018. Aequitas: A bias and fairness audit toolkit. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.05577 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","unstructured":"Sama AI. [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.sama.com. https:\/\/www.sama.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"Knowing Algorithms. paper presented at Media in Transition 8","author":"Seaver Nick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nick Seaver. 2013. Knowing Algorithms. paper presented at Media in Transition 8 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jatinder Singh 2016. Responsibility & Machine Learning: Part of a Process.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2860048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2887201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","unstructured":"Swami Sivasubramanian. 2023. Announcing New Tools for Building with Generative AI on AWS. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/machine-learning\/announcing-new-tools-for-building-with-generative-ai-on-aws\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","unstructured":"State of Califorina. 2018. The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","unstructured":"Supahands. [n. d.]. https:\/\/www.supaagents.com. https:\/\/www.supaagents.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","unstructured":"The Economist. 2022. Artificial Intelligence Is Permeating Business at Last. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/business\/2022\/12\/06\/artificial-intelligence-is-permeating-business-at-last"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1954312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Johan David Michels, and Christopher Millard","author":"Turton Felicity","year":"2021","unstructured":"Felicity Turton, Dimitra Kamarinou, Johan David Michels, and Christopher Millard. 2021. Privacy in the Clouds, Revisited: An Analysis of the Privacy Policies of 40 Cloud Computing Services. Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 354\/2021 (2021). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26116\/techreg.2022.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9785\/cri-2021-220402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"What Things Do: Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design","author":"Verbeek Peter-Paul","unstructured":"Peter-Paul Verbeek. 2005. What Things Do: Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design. Penn State Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"From transparency to accountability of intelligent systems: Moving beyond aspirations. Data & Policy 4","author":"Rebecca Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rebecca Williams 2022. From transparency to accountability of intelligent systems: Moving beyond aspirations. Data & Policy 4 (2022)."}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '23: the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Chicago IL USA","acronym":"FAccT '23"},"container-title":["2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3593013.3594073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3593013.3594073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:37:18Z","timestamp":1750163838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3593013.3594073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3593013.3594073","10.1145\/3593013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3593013.3594073","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31235\/osf.io\/p4sey","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}