{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T03:33:06Z","timestamp":1772076786569,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":91,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF (National Science Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1916153,1956435,1943584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1916153,1956435,1943584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594115","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T14:40:46Z","timestamp":1686580846000},"page":"1772-1788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Discrimination through Image Selection by Job Advertisers on Facebook"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4692-2196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varun","family":"Nagaraj Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8237-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Korolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"ACLU. 2018. ACLU and Workers Take On Facebook for Gender Discrimination in Job Ads. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/press-releases\/aclu-and-workers-take-facebook-gender-discrimination-job-ads"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"ACLU. 2018. How Facebook Is Giving Sex Discrimination in Employment Ads a New Life. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/news\/womens-rights\/how-facebook-giving-sex-discrimination-employment-ads-new"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3437963.3441801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Julia Angwin and Terry Parris Jr.2016. Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Julia Angwin Noam Scheiber and Ariana Tobin. 2017. Dozens of companies are using Facebook to exclude older workers from job ads ProPublica. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/facebook-ads-age-discrimination-targeting"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Austin Jr","author":"Roy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roy L. Austin Jr. 2023. An Update on Our Ads Fairness Efforts. https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2023\/01\/an-update-on-our-ads-fairness-efforts\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Target practice: An organizational impression management approach to attracting minority and female job applicants. Personnel Psychology","author":"Avery Derek R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Derek R Avery and Patrick F McKay. 2006. Target practice: An organizational impression management approach to attracting minority and female job applicants. Personnel Psychology (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"What families are seeing on TV","author":"Baruah Sabyasachee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabyasachee Baruah, Digbalay Bose, Meredith Conroy, Shrikanth S. Narayanan, Susanna Ricco, Komal Singh, and Krishna Somandepalli. 2022. #SeeItBeIt: What families are seeing on TV, The Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media. https:\/\/seejane.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GDI-What-Families-Are-Watching-TV-2022-Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency.","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2018. Electronically mediated work: New questions in the contingent worker supplement. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/mlr\/2018\/article\/electronically-mediated-work-new-questions-in-the-contingent-worker-supplement.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2021. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cps\/cpsaat11.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Capaci v. Katz & Besthoff Inc. 1983. Capaci v. Katz & Besthoff Inc. 647 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning.","author":"Celis Elisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elisa Celis, Anay Mehrotra, and Nisheeth Vishnoi. 2019. Toward controlling discrimination in online ad auctions. In International Conference on Machine Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00465-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Chris Coons Rob Portman and Amy Klobuchar. 2021. Coons Portman Klobuchar announce legislation to ensure transparency at social media platforms. https:\/\/www.coons.senate.gov\/news\/press-releases\/coons-portman-klobuchar-announce-legislation-to-ensure-transparency-at-social-media-platforms"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency.","author":"Datta Amit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amit Datta, Anupam Datta, Jael Makagon, Deirdre K Mulligan, and Michael Carl Tschantz. 2018. Discrimination in online advertising: A multidisciplinary inquiry. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2015-0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Duren v. Missouri (U.S. Supreme Court) 1979. Duren v. Missouri (U.S. Supreme Court). 357 pages. https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/439\/357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Fairness Under Composition. In 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS","author":"Dwork Cynthia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cynthia Dwork and Christina Ilvento. 2018. Fairness Under Composition. In 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Universal Digital Ad Transparency. In TPRC49: The 49th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy.","author":"Edelson Laura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laura Edelson, Jason Chuang, Erika Franklin Fowler, Michael Franz, and Travis N Ridout. 2021. Universal Digital Ad Transparency. In TPRC49: The 49th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Facebook. 2018. Reviewing Targeting to Ensure Advertising is Safe and Civil. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/news\/reviewing-targeting-to-ensure-advertising-is-safe-and-civil"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Employment and Credit Ads in Ads Manager. Retrieved","year":"2019","unstructured":"Facebook. 2019. Updates To Housing, Employment and Credit Ads in Ads Manager. Retrieved January 14, 2022 from https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/news\/updates-to-housing-employment-and-credit-ads-in-ads-manager"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"Facebook. 2020. Facebook\u2019s Civil Rights Audit \u2013 Final Report. Retrieved February 28, 2022 from https:\/\/about.fb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Civil-Rights-Audit-Final-Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Good Questions","year":"2022","unstructured":"Facebook. 2020. Good Questions, Real Answers: How Does Facebook Use Machine Learning to Deliver Ads?Retrieved February 1, 2022 from https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/news\/good-questions-real-answers-how-does-facebook-use-machine-learning-to-deliver-ads\/#"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2022","unstructured":"Facebook. 2022. About Bid and Budget Pacing. Retrieved February 24, 2022 from https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/help\/571961726580148?id=2196356200683573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Facebook. 2022. Removing Certain Ad Targeting Options and Expanding Our Ad Controls. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/news\/removing-certain-ad-targeting-options-and-expanding-our-ad-controls"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"Facebook. 2023. About ad auctions. Retrieved May 10, 2023 from https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/help\/430291176997542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Facebook. 2023. Discriminatory Practices. https:\/\/transparency.fb.com\/policies\/ad-standards\/unacceptable-content\/discriminatory-practices"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"Facebook. 2023. Personal Attributes (Advertising Standards). Retrieved February 11, 2023 from https:\/\/transparency.fb.com\/policies\/ad-standards\/objectionable-content\/personal-attributes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Facebook\u2019s Advertising Platform: New Attack Vectors and the Need for Interventions. In IEEE Workshop on Technology and Consumer Protection (ConPro \u201918)","author":"Faizullabhoy Irfan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Irfan Faizullabhoy and Aleksandra Korolova. 2018. Facebook\u2019s Advertising Platform: New Attack Vectors and the Need for Interventions. In IEEE Workshop on Technology and Consumer Protection (ConPro \u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0014402919893695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph L Gastwirth Wenjing Xu and Qing Pan. 2015. Statistical measures for evaluating protected group under-representation: Analysis of the conflicting inferences drawn from the same data in People v. Bryant and Ambrose v. Booker. Law Probability and Risk 14 4 (2015) 279\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/mgv011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality.Journal of personality and social psychology 101, 1","author":"Gaucher Danielle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danielle Gaucher, Justin Friesen, and Aaron C Kay. 2011. Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality.Journal of personality and social psychology 101, 1 (2011), 109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"A theory of direct visual perception. Vision and Mind: selected readings in the philosophy of perception","author":"Gibson James J","year":"2002","unstructured":"James J Gibson. 2002. A theory of direct visual perception. Vision and Mind: selected readings in the philosophy of perception (2002), 77\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Google. 2020. Update to Personalized advertising policies: Housing employment and credit. https:\/\/support.google.com\/adspolicy\/answer\/9917652?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Steven Greenshouse. 2004. Abercrombie to Alter Its Marketing to Settle Bias Suit The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/11\/16\/business\/abercrombie-to-alter-its-marketing-to-settle-bias-suit.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Alex Himel. 2018. Helping People Find Jobs and Local Businesses Hire. https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2018\/02\/jobs\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores","author":"Illston Susan","year":"1813","unstructured":"Susan Illston. 2004. Gonzalez, et al., v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc., et al.https:\/\/ecommons.cornell.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1813\/80139\/Gonzalez__et_al_v__Abercrombie_and_Fitch_Stores.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Tanuj Jain Christopher Lennan Zubin John and Dat Tran. 2019. Imagededup. https:\/\/github.com\/idealo\/imagededup."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Fair Housing Act-Ragin v. New York Times: Is it time to end the use of models in housing advertisements?Mem","volume":"22","author":"Johnson Valerie Walsh","year":"1991","unstructured":"Valerie Walsh Johnson. 1991. Fair Housing Act-Ragin v. New York Times: Is it time to end the use of models in housing advertisements?Mem. St. UL Rev. 22 (1991), 401.","journal-title":"St. UL Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Jon Keegan. 2021. Facebook Got Rid of Racial Ad Categories. Or Did It?https:\/\/themarkup.org\/citizen-browser\/2021\/07\/09\/facebook-got-rid-of-racial-ad-categories-or-did-it"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Sex discrimination in help wanted advertising. Santa Clara Lawyer","author":"Kerman Peter W","year":"1974","unstructured":"Peter W Kerman. 1974. Sex discrimination in help wanted advertising. Santa Clara Lawyer (1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Auditing digital platforms for discrimination in economic opportunity advertising. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.09656","author":"Kingsley Sara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sara Kingsley, Clara Wang, Alex Mikhalenko, Proteeti Sinha, and Chinmay Kulkarni. 2020. Auditing digital platforms for discrimination in economic opportunity advertising. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.09656 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic bias? An empirical study of apparent gender-based discrimination in the display of STEM career ads. Management science 65, 7","author":"Lambrecht Anja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anja Lambrecht and Catherine Tucker. 2019. Algorithmic bias? An empirical study of apparent gender-based discrimination in the display of STEM career ads. Management science 65, 7 (2019), 2966\u20132981."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association.","author":"Pochat Victor Le","year":"2022","unstructured":"Victor Le Pochat, Laura Edelson, Tom Van Goethem, Wouter Joosen, Damon McCoy, and Tobias Lauinger. 2022. An Audit of Facebook\u2019s Political Ad Policy Enforcement. In Proceedings of the 31st USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"LinkedIn. 2021. Ad Targeting Discrimination. https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/help\/linkedin\/answer\/a416948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"LinkedIn Corporate Communications. 2019. Language Matters - How words impact men and women in the workplace. https:\/\/business.linkedin.com\/content\/dam\/me\/business\/en-us\/talent-solutions-lodestone\/body\/pdf\/Linkedin-Language-Matters-Report-FINAL2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Stable Bias: Analyzing Societal Representations in Diffusion Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.11408","author":"Luccioni Alexandra Sasha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, Christopher Akiki, Margaret Mitchell, and Yacine Jernite. 2023. Stable Bias: Analyzing Societal Representations in Diffusion Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.11408 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Visual persuasion: The role of images in advertising","author":"Messaris Paul","unstructured":"Paul Messaris. 1997. Visual persuasion: The role of images in advertising. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Meta. 2023. Introducing the AI Sandbox for advertisers and expanding our Meta Advantage suite. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/news\/introducing-ai-sandbox-and-expanding-meta-advantage-suite"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Meta. 2023. Toward fairness in personalized ads. https:\/\/about.fb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Toward_fairness_in_personalized_ads.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Perry L Moriearty. 2009. Framing justice: Media bias and legal decisionmaking. Md. L. Rev. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"National Center for State Courts. 2010. Jury Managers\u2019 Toolbox. https:\/\/www.ncsc-jurystudies.org\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0026\/7478\/a-primer-on-fair-cross-section.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"National Organization For Women (NOW). 2014. Highlights. https:\/\/now.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/Highlights.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"New York Times 1973. Law on Sex\u2010Labeled Job Ads Is Upheld. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1973\/06\/22\/archives\/law-on-sexlabeled-job-ads-is-upheld.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Kazuyuki Okudaira. 2023. Meta to debut ad-creating generative AI this year CTO says. https:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/Business\/Technology\/Meta-to-debut-ad-creating-generative-AI-this-year-CTO-says"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Barbara Ortutay. 2022. Facebook parent Meta\u2019s revenue profit decline amid ad slump. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/technology-business-earnings-reports-8d24203456813802a4239e54d1b444d4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Beyond algorithmic bias: a socio-computational interrogation of the google search by image algorithm. Social Science Computer Review","author":"Papakyriakopoulos Orestis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orestis Papakyriakopoulos and Arwa M Mboya. 2021. Beyond algorithmic bias: a socio-computational interrogation of the google search by image algorithm. Social Science Computer Review (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"We\u2019ve got minorities, yes we do: Visual representations of racial and ethnic diversity in college recruitment materials. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education","author":"Pippert Timothy D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Timothy D Pippert, Laura J Essenburg, and Edward J Matchett. 2013. We\u2019ve got minorities, yes we do: Visual representations of racial and ethnic diversity in college recruitment materials. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Peter Romer-Friedman and Mitra Ebadolahi. 2022. Real Women in Trucking. http:\/\/guptawessler.com\/real-women-in-trucking\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Employment and Credit Advertising. Retrieved","author":"Sandberg Sheryl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheryl Sandberg. 2019. Doing More to Protect Against Discrimination in Housing, Employment and Credit Advertising. Retrieved January 13, 2022 from https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2019\/03\/protecting-against-discrimination-in-ads\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Fair Cross-Section Challenges in Maryland: An Analysis and Proposal","volume":"25","author":"Seltzer Richard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Richard Seltzer, John M Copacino, and Diana Roberto Donahoe. 1995. Fair Cross-Section Challenges in Maryland: An Analysis and Proposal. U. Balt. L. Rev. 25 (1995), 127.","journal-title":"U. Balt. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Visual Persuasion: Issues in the translation of the visual in advertising. Meta: Journal des Traducteurs\/Meta: Translators","author":"Smith Veronica","year":"2008","unstructured":"Veronica Smith. 2008. Visual Persuasion: Issues in the translation of the visual in advertising. Meta: Journal des Traducteurs\/Meta: Translators\u2019 Journal (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency.","author":"Speicher Till","year":"2018","unstructured":"Till Speicher, Muhammad Ali, Giridhari Venkatadri, Filipe Nunes Ribeiro, George Arvanitakis, Fabr\u00edcio Benevenuto, Krishna P Gummadi, Patrick Loiseau, and Alan Mislove. 2018. Potential for discrimination in online targeted advertising. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics","author":"Spence Michael","year":"1973","unstructured":"Michael Spence. 1973. Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1973)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"Anne Sraders. 2019. Goldman Sachs Removed This One Word From Some Recruiting Materials\u2014and Saw Female Hires Soar. https:\/\/fortune.com\/2019\/12\/10\/goldman-sachs-removed-this-one-word-from-some-recruiting-materials-and-saw-female-hires-soar\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Discrimination in online ad delivery. Commun. ACM","author":"Sweeney Latanya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Latanya Sweeney. 2013. Discrimination in online ad delivery. Commun. ACM (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Turner","author":"Tajfel Henri","year":"1974","unstructured":"Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner. 1974. Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social science information (1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Diversify Your Recruitment Advertising. More companies are adding a diversity element to their recruitment ads","volume":"46","author":"Thaler-Carter Ruth E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruth E. Thaler-Carter. 2001. Diversify Your Recruitment Advertising. More companies are adding a diversity element to their recruitment ads. HR MAGAZINE 46, 6 (2001), 92\u2013101.","journal-title":"HR MAGAZINE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"The United States Department of Justice. 2022. Justice Department Secures Groundbreaking Settlement Agreement with Meta Platforms Formerly Known as Facebook to Resolve Allegations of Discriminatory Advertising. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-secures-groundbreaking-settlement-agreement-meta-platforms-formerly-known"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Ariana Tobin. 2019. HUD sues Facebook over housing discrimination and says the company\u2019s algorithms have made the problem worse. https:\/\/propublica.org\/article\/hud-sues-facebook-housing-discrimination-advertising-algorithms"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Merrill","author":"Tobin Ariana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ariana Tobin and Jeremy B. Merrill. 2018. Facebook Is Letting Job Advertisers Target Only Men, ProPublica. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/facebook-is-letting-job-advertisers-target-only-men"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education. 2016. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Special Education. https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/programs\/osepidea\/618-data\/LEA-racial-ethnic-disparities-tables\/disproportionality-analysis-by-state-analysis-category.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","unstructured":"U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 1981. CM-607 Affirmative Action. https:\/\/www.eeoc.gov\/laws\/guidance\/cm-607-affirmative-action"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of","year":"1964","unstructured":"U.S.C.1964. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. https:\/\/www.eeoc.gov\/statutes\/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"U.S.C.1968. Fair Housing Act. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/crt\/fair-housing-act-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"Diversity cues on recruitment websites: Investigating the effects on job seekers","author":"Walker H Jack","year":"2012","unstructured":"H Jack Walker, Hubert S Feild, Jeremy B Bernerth, and J Bret Becton. 2012. Diversity cues on recruitment websites: Investigating the effects on job seekers\u2019 information processing.Journal of Applied Psychology 97, 1 (2012), 214."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of signaling when promoting diversity and inclusion at the firm level: A financial advisory professional case study","volume":"9","author":"White Kenneth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kenneth White, Megan McCoy, Kim Love, Eun Jin Kwak, Erin Bruce, and John Grable. 2019. The role of signaling when promoting diversity and inclusion at the firm level: A financial advisory professional case study. Advances in Business Research 9, 1 (2019), 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Advances in Business Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"Lara Zarum. 2018. Some Viewers Think Netflix Is Targeting Them by Race. Here\u2019s What to Know.https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/23\/arts\/television\/netflix-race-targeting-personalization.html"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '23: the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Chicago IL USA","acronym":"FAccT '23"},"container-title":["2023 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3593013.3594115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3593013.3594115","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3593013.3594115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:37:19Z","timestamp":1750178239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3593013.3594115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3593013.3594115","10.1145\/3593013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3593013.3594115","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}