{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T07:37:02Z","timestamp":1777189022999,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this paper, a mixed-signal\n            <jats:bold>coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture (CGRA)<\/jats:bold>\n            for accelerating inference in\n            <jats:bold>deep neural networks (DNNs)<\/jats:bold>\n            is presented. It is based on performing dot-product computations using analog computing to achieve a considerable speed improvement. Other computations are performed digitally. In the proposed structure (called MX-CGRA), analog tiles consisting of memristor crossbars are employed. To reduce the overhead of converting the data between analog and digital domains, we utilize a proper interface between the analog and digital tiles. In addition, the structure benefits from an efficient memory hierarchy where the data is moved as close as possible to the computing fabric. Moreover, to fully utilize the tiles, we define a set of micro instructions to configure the analog and digital domains. Corresponding context words used in the CGRA are determined by these instructions (generated by a companion compiler tool). The efficacy of the MX-CGRA is assessed by modeling the execution of state-of-the-art DNN architectures on this structure. The architectures are used to classify images of the ImageNet dataset. Simulation results show that, compared to the previous mixed-signal DNN accelerators, on average, a higher throughput of 2.35 \u00d7 is achieved.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3595638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T12:12:53Z","timestamp":1683115973000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Memristive-based Mixed-signal CGRA for Accelerating Deep Neural Network Inference"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9465-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Kazerooni-Zand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7098-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Afzali-Kusha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tehran and Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2677-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massoud","family":"Pedram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113816"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902252"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCSLP.2012.6423452"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06268-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2016.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HiPC.2017.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/cs.2017.86010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSoC.2015.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2018.8342045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11231"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2016.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/31.52732"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702492"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304049"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/make1010005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2019.2934560"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1942-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702401"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2018.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA52012.2021.00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA52012.2021.00090"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JXCDC.2020.2999581"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"B. Zhang et al. 2022. PIMCA: A Programmable In-Memory Computing Accelerator for Energy-Efficient DNN Inference. (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2940649"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2016.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744900"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2017.2767024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2020.2998456"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2616357"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2019.2910232"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2852335"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCSim.2014.6903727"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CANDAR.2014.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1424-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2857278"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3061639.3062262"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2018.2856838"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2878183"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1939455\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003162810-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00286"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2017.7927030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744930"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3084867"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3105043"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2021.3072289"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2799948"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0023872"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000115"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICAS48895.2020.9073995"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APCCAS51387.2021.9687674"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00282-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"3rd Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. ICLR 2015 - Conf. Track Proc","author":"Simonyan K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman. 2015. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. 3rd Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. ICLR 2015 - Conf. Track Proc. 1\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3079856.3080212"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3595638","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3595638","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T22:48:39Z","timestamp":1750286919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3595638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3595638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3595638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-4309","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}