{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T01:59:57Z","timestamp":1767923997230,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pitt Innovation Challenge Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R41MH119644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41MH119644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperactivity is the most dominant presentation of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in young children. Currently, measuring hyperactivity involves parents' or teachers' reports. These reports are vulnerable to subjectivity and can lead to misdiagnosis. LemurDx provides an objective measure of hyperactivity using passive mobile sensing. We collected data from 61 children (25 with hyperactivity) who wore a smartwatch for up to 7 days without changing their daily routine. The participants' parents maintained a log of the child's activities at a half-hour granularity (e.g., sitting, exercising) as contextual information. Our ML models achieved 85.2% accuracy in detecting hyperactivity in children (using parent-provided activity labels). We also built models that estimated children's context from the sensor data and did not rely on activity labels to reduce parent burden. These models achieved 82.0% accuracy in detecting hyperactivity. In addition, we interviewed five clinicians who suggested a need for a tractable risk score that enables analysis of a child's behavior across contexts. Our results show the feasibility of supporting the diagnosis of hyperactivity by providing clinicians with an interpretable and objective score of hyperactivity using off-the-shelf watches and adding no constraints to children or their guardians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3596244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T18:58:16Z","timestamp":1686596296000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["LemurDx"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7868-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riku","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2497-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karan","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7082-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristie","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7853-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwendolyn","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8273-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NuRelm, Pittsburgh, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1012-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Lindhiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayank","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jbhi.2020.2964072"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3573849"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3569504"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000450316.68494.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report","volume":"15","author":"Charach Alice","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alice Charach, Anna Skyba, Lisa Cook, and Beverley J Antle. 2006. Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 15, 2 (2006), 75.","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S01061ED1V01Y202011ARH015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376837"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258959"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.09.2801"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199806000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e3181ac09c9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/embc.2012.6346894"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5430\/jbar.v3n2p36"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2982142.2982207"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080491"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","first-page":"591","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Fifth Edition","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fifth Edition et al. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc 21, 21 (2013), 591--643.","journal-title":"Am Psychiatric Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472--6947--13-s2-s14"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2704"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/20.4.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"The elements of statistical learning","author":"Friedman Jerome","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jerome Friedman, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. 2001. The elements of statistical learning. vol. 1 Springer series in statistics. New York (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"ADHD: overdiagnosed and overtreated, or misdiagnosed and mistreated. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 84, 11","author":"Giuliano Kimbery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimbery Giuliano and Eric Geyer. 2017. ADHD: overdiagnosed and overtreated, or misdiagnosed and mistreated. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 84, 11 (2017), 873."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"ADHD: Is objective diagnosis possible","volume":"2","author":"Thomas Gualtieri C","year":"2005","unstructured":"C Thomas Gualtieri and Lynda G Johnson. 2005. ADHD: Is objective diagnosis possible? Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2, 11 (2005), 44.","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3090076"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2807551"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705283578"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376374"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joan Kaufman Boris Birmaher David A Brent Neal D Ryan and Uma Rao. 2000. K-Sads-Pl. (2000).","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200010000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121438"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10124116"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35803"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105525"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581392"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113924"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3381001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1953048.2078195"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Sleep and sleep disorders in adults with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep medicine reviews 10, 6","author":"Philipsen Alexandra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alexandra Philipsen, Magdolna Hornyak, and Dieter Riemann. 2006. Sleep and sleep disorders in adults with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep medicine reviews 10, 6 (2006), 399--405."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Bernardo Lessa Horta, Joseph Biederman, and Luis Augusto Rohde.","author":"Polanczyk Guilherme","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guilherme Polanczyk, Maur\u00edcio Silva De Lima, Bernardo Lessa Horta, Joseph Biederman, and Luis Augusto Rohde. 2007. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. American journal of psychiatry 164, 6 (2007), 942--948."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2906388.2906407"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581075"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of global health 11","author":"Song Peige","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peige Song, Mingming Zha, Qingwen Yang, Yan Zhang, Xue Li, and Igor Rudan. 2021. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of global health 11 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1966394.1966397"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2011.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130976"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3191775"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109479"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200402000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534576"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300468"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3596244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3596244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:45:28Z","timestamp":1752468328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3596244"}},"subtitle":["Using Unconstrained Passive Sensing for an Objective Measurement of Hyperactivity in Children with no Parent Input"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3596244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3596244","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}