{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:03:41Z","timestamp":1780765421340,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cost-effective and accurate means of localizing radio transmitters has the potential to enable a wide range of applications in the consumer electronics, IoT, and healthcare domains. However, existing multi-antenna localization methods require high-cost synchronized receivers, long integration times, and\/or specialized packet structures. This paper proposes using a high-speed RF mux that sequentially connects antennas to a single 2MHz radio receiver and sub-packet switching to determine the Angle of Arrival of individual packets. Importantly, this approach does not need synchronization between the mux and the receiver, reducing cost and system complexity. Our signal processing pipeline recovers both switch timing and the antenna number from the received RF signal. The sub-packet waveforms are used to generate a synthetic reference packet, and our customized Multi-Resolution Beaming and MUSIC algorithms are used to determine the Angle of Arrival. Results show that our real-time system is highly accurate even when the target is moving, with a mean AoA accuracy of 3.4 degrees and a 2D localization accuracy of 36.4 cm. Furthermore, the system is capable of tracking multiple users carrying smartphones in either their hands or pockets. Ultimately this approach enables a single low-cost, low bandwidth commodity RF receiver to be used to create an N-element phased array receiver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3596263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T18:58:16Z","timestamp":1686596296000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Single Packet, Single Channel, Switched Antenna Array for RF Localization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang-Hsi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3506-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chouchang Jack","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1718-7030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euiseok","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanson P.","family":"Sample","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2020. PulseLarsen W3229 patch antenna datasheet. https:\/\/www.mouser.com\/datasheet\/2\/447\/W3229--2904189.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818072"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386901.3389029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2011.5946847"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2013.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMCS.2016.7905633"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2009.4907836"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2851675"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3143361.3143385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307653"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1859995.1860016"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2019.8911824"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3349623.3355475"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2013.6815564"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey","volume":"25","author":"Fallah N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"N. Fallah, I. Apostolopoulos, K. Bekris, and E. Folmer. 2013. Indoor Human Navigation Systems: A Survey. Interacting with Computers 25, 1 (2013), 21--33.","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication","author":"Fischer Gunter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gunter Fischer, Burkhart Dietrich, and Frank Winkler. 2004. Bluetooth indoor localization system. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication. University of California, Berkeley, CA, US, 147--156."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Fortin-Simard K. Bouchard S. Gaboury B. Bouchard and A. Bouzouane. 2012. Accurate passive RFID localization system for smart homes. In 2012 IEEE 3rd NESEA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NESEA.2012.6474010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125601"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639139"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458864.3467677"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1925861.1925870"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2009.5336486"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2017.8251385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2788449"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2940272"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"X. Lin T. Ho C. Fang Z. Yen B. Yang and F. Lai. 2015. A mobile indoor positioning system based on iBeacon technology. In 2015 37th EMBC. 4970--4973."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2506239"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2018.8580796"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Internet of People, and Smart World Congress (UIC\/ATC\/ScalCom\/CBDCom\/IoP\/SmartWorld)","author":"Peng Yiran","unstructured":"Yiran Peng, Wentao Fan, Xin Dong, and Xing Zhang. 2016. An iterative weighted KNN (IW-KNN) based indoor localization method in bluetooth low energy (BLE) environment. In 2016 Intl IEEE Conferences on Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced and Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing and Communications, Cloud and Big Data Computing, Internet of People, and Smart World Congress (UIC\/ATC\/ScalCom\/CBDCom\/IoP\/SmartWorld). IEEE, 794--800."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (ECTI DAMT & NCON)","author":"Phutcharoen Kanyanee","unstructured":"Kanyanee Phutcharoen, Monchai Chamchoy, and Pichaya Supanakoon. 2020. Accuracy Study of Indoor Positioning with Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons. In 2020 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (ECTI DAMT & NCON). IEEE, 24--27."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145137"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Augmented-Reality-Based Indoor Navigation: A Comparative Analysis of Handheld Devices Versus Google Glass","volume":"47","author":"Rehman U.","year":"2017","unstructured":"U. Rehman and S. Cao. 2017. Augmented-Reality-Based Indoor Navigation: A Comparative Analysis of Handheld Devices Versus Google Glass. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 47, 1 (2017), 140--151.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. H. Riehle P. Lichter and N. A. Giudice. 2008. An indoor navigation system to support the visually impaired. In 2008 30th EMBS. 4435--4438.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4650195"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2019.8911769"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1986.1143830"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040968"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2969088"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740070.2626330"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2545523"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2933232"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790124"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"10th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 13)","author":"Xiong Jie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson. 2013. {ArrayTrack}: A {Fine-Grained} Indoor Location System. In 10th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 13). 71--84."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation","author":"Xiong Jie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson. 2013. ArrayTrack: A Fine-Grained Indoor Location System. In Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (Lombard, IL) (nsdi'13). USENIX Association, USA, 71--84."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '18)","author":"Liando Yaxiong Xie Jansen Christian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jansen Christian Liando Yaxiong Xie, Yanbo Zhang and Mo Li. 2018. SWAN: Stitched Wi-Fi ANtennas.. In Proceedings of the 24st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '18). ACM."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2911558"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Accurate UWB indoor localization system utilizing time difference of arrival approach. In 2006 IEEE radio and wireless symposium","author":"Zhang Cemin","unstructured":"Cemin Zhang, Michael Kuhn, Brandon Merkl, Aly E Fathy, and Mohamed Mahfouz. 2006. Accurate UWB indoor localization system utilizing time difference of arrival approach. In 2006 IEEE radio and wireless symposium. IEEE, 515--518."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3596263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3596263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:45:47Z","timestamp":1752468347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3596263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3596263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3596263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}