{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:32:12Z","timestamp":1776115932286,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":41,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF (National Science Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1918252, BCS-1918252, BCS-1625954, BCS-1918556, BCS-1625761, BCS-1918261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1918252, BCS-1918252, BCS-1625954, BCS-1918556, BCS-1625761, BCS-1918261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608408","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1697724186000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Sem-Lex Benchmark: Modeling ASL Signs and their Phonemes"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4939-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Kezar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9199-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Thomason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6602-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zed","family":"Sehyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences and Disorders, Chapman University, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1340-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elana","family":"Pontecorvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2008.4563181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Special","author":"Carolyn Ball","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carolyn Ball 2017. The History of American Sign Language Interpreting. Revue Internationale d\u2019\u00c9tudes en Langues Modernes Appliqu\u00e9es 10, Special (2017), 115\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3436996","article-title":"The fate landscape of sign language ai datasets: An interdisciplinary perspective","volume":"14","author":"Bragg Danielle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danielle Bragg, Naomi Caselli, Julie\u00a0A Hochgesang, Matt Huenerfauth, Leah Katz-Hernandez, Oscar Koller, Raja Kushalnagar, Christian Vogler, and Richard\u00a0E Ladner. 2021. The fate landscape of sign language ai datasets: An interdisciplinary perspective. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS) 14, 2 (2021), 1\u201345.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"A prosodic model of sign language phonology","author":"Brentari Diane","unstructured":"Diane Brentari. 1998. A prosodic model of sign language phonology. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"ASL-LEX: A lexical database of American Sign Language. Behavior research methods 49","author":"Caselli K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naomi\u00a0K Caselli, Zed\u00a0Sevcikova Sehyr, Ariel\u00a0M Cohen-Goldberg, and Karen Emmorey. 2017. ASL-LEX: A lexical database of American Sign Language. Behavior research methods 49 (2017), 784\u2013801."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Deborah Chen\u00a0Pichler and Julie Hochgesang. n.d.. Sign Language Acquisition Annotation Archiving and Sharing. https:\/\/slla.lab.uconn.edu\/slaaash\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The legal recognition of sign languages: Advocacy and outcomes around the world. Multilingual Matters","author":"De\u00a0Meulder Maartje","unstructured":"Maartje De\u00a0Meulder, Joseph\u00a0J Murray, and Rachel\u00a0L McKee. 2019. The legal recognition of sign languages: Advocacy and outcomes around the world. Multilingual Matters, Staple Hill, Bristol, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"ASL Citizen: A Community-Sourced Dataset for Advancing Isolated Sign Language Recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05934","author":"Desai Aashaka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aashaka Desai, Lauren Berger, Fyodor\u00a0O Minakov, Vanessa Milan, Chinmay Singh, Kriston Pumphrey, Richard\u00a0E Ladner, Hal Daum\u00e9\u00a0III, Alex\u00a0X Lu, Naomi Caselli, 2023. ASL Citizen: A Community-Sourced Dataset for Advancing Isolated Sign Language Recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05934 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/ecv008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723719834102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Thomas Hanke. 2004. HamNoSys-representing sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts. In LREC Vol.\u00a04. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02989-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658315570648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Do deaf communities actually want sign language gloves?Nature Electronics 3, 9","author":"Hill Joseph","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joseph Hill. 2020. Do deaf communities actually want sign language gloves?Nature Electronics 3, 9 (2020), 512\u2013513."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Julie Hochgesang OA Crasborn and Diane Lillo-Martin. 2018. Building the ASL Signbank. Lemmatization Principles for ASL. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"ASL Signbank","author":"Hochgesang A","unstructured":"Julie\u00a0A Hochgesang, Onno Crasborn, and Diane Lillo-Martin. 2019. ASL Signbank. New Haven, CT: Haskins Lab, Yale University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Skeleton Aware Multi-modal Sign Language Recognition. 2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (2021","author":"Jiang Songyao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Songyao Jiang, Bin Sun, Lichen Wang, Yue Bai, Kunpeng Li, and Yun\u00a0Raymond Fu. 2021. Skeleton Aware Multi-modal Sign Language Recognition. 2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (2021). https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content\/CVPR2021W\/ChaLearn\/papers\/Jiang_Skeleton_Aware_Multi-Modal_Sign_Language_Recognition_CVPRW_2021_paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"On defining lexeme in a signed language. Sign language & linguistics 2, 2","author":"Johnston Trevor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Trevor Johnston and Adam\u00a0C Schembri. 1999. On defining lexeme in a signed language. Sign language & linguistics 2, 2 (1999), 115\u2013185."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"MS-ASL: A large-scale data set and benchmark for understanding American Sign Language. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.01053","author":"Reza\u00a0Vaezi Joze Hamid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamid Reza\u00a0Vaezi Joze and Oscar Koller. 2018. MS-ASL: A large-scale data set and benchmark for understanding American Sign Language. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.01053 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Improving Sign Recognition with Phonology","author":"Kezar Lee","unstructured":"Lee Kezar, Jesse Thomason, and Zed\u00a0Sevcikova Sehyr. 2023. Improving Sign Recognition with Phonology. In European Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"How are signed languages learned as second languages?Language and Linguistics Compass 15, 1","author":"Marshall Chloe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chloe Marshall, Aurora Bel, Sannah Gulamani, and Gary Morgan. 2021. How are signed languages learned as second languages?Language and Linguistics Compass 15, 1 (2021), e12403."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMI.2002.1166987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.20.1.05mes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"NEW shared & interconnected ASL resources: SignStream\u00ae 3 Software","author":"Neidle C.","unstructured":"C. Neidle, Augustine Opoku, Greg Dimitriadis, and Dimitris\u00a0N. Metaxas. 2018. NEW shared & interconnected ASL resources: SignStream\u00ae 3 Software; DAI 2 for web access to linguistically annotated video corpora; and a sign bank."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Linguistic\u00a0Society of America. n.d.. Resolutions Statements Endorsements and Related Actions. https:\/\/www.linguisticsociety.org\/resource\/resolutions-statements-and-guides"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"World\u00a0Federation of\u00a0the Deaf. n.d. Human Rights of the Deaf. https:\/\/wfdeaf.org\/our-work\/human-rights-of-the-deaf\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2019.1015135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Sequentiality and simultaneity in American Sign Language phonology","author":"Sandler Wendy","unstructured":"Wendy Sandler. 1987. Sequentiality and simultaneity in American Sign Language phonology. The University of Texas at Austin."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Anique Sch\u00fcller 2021. The Lemma Dilemma: Finding relevant lemmas to include in the Communicative Development Inventory for Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT-CDI). (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Z. Sehyr N. Caselli A. Cohen-Goldberg and K. Emmorey. 2022. The semantic structure of American Sign Language: Evidence from free sign associations.The 63rd Annual Meeting of The Psychonomic Society (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enaa038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.","author":"Selvaraj Prem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prem Selvaraj, C. GokulN., Pratyush Kumar, and Mitesh\u00a0M. Khapra. 2021. OpenHands: Making Sign Language Recognition Accessible with Pose-based Pretrained Models across Languages. In Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Sign language structure: an outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf.Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics","author":"Stokoe C","unstructured":"William\u00a0C Stokoe. 1960. Sign language structure: an outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf.Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo, Buffalo."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-short.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Els Van\u00a0der Kooij. 2002. Phonological categories in Sign Language of the Netherlands: The role of phonetic implementation and iconicity. Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/intp.11.2.03xia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processing","author":"Yin Kayo","unstructured":"Kayo Yin, Amit Moryossef, Julie\u00a0A. Hochgesang, Yoav Goldberg, and Malihe Alikhani. 2021. Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processing. In Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11550518_50"}],"event":{"name":"ASSETS '23: The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","location":"New York NY USA","acronym":"ASSETS '23","sponsor":["SIGACCESS ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"]},"container-title":["The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3597638.3608408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3597638.3608408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:36:51Z","timestamp":1750178211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3597638.3608408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3597638.3608408","10.1145\/3597638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3597638.3608408","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}