{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T07:01:46Z","timestamp":1775199706785,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":40,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3614491","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1697724186000},"page":"1-5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["FingerSpeller: Camera-Free Text Entry Using Smart Rings for American Sign Language Fingerspelling Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4479-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6789-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zikang","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9324-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan","family":"Gemicioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Womack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4043-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6081-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William C","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5693-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeokhyen","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ploetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thad","family":"Starner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, United States"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Manfred Georg Mark Sherwood Phil Culliton Sam Sepah Sohier Dane Thad\u00a0Starner Ashley\u00a0Chow Glenn\u00a0Cameron. 2023. Google - American Sign Language Fingerspelling Recognition. https:\/\/kaggle.com\/competitions\/asl-fingerspelling"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Non-manual realization of agreement in American Sign Language","author":"Bahan J","unstructured":"Benjamin\u00a0J Bahan. 1996. Non-manual realization of agreement in American Sign Language. Boston University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"A Maximization Technique Occurring in the Statistical Analysis of Probabilistic Functions of Markov Chains. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics","author":"Baum E.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Leonard\u00a0E. Baum, Ted Petrie, George Soules, and Norman Weiss. 1970. A Maximization Technique Occurring in the Statistical Analysis of Probabilistic Functions of Markov Chains. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics (1970)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00544-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Sign language recognition. Visual Analysis of Humans: Looking at People","author":"Cooper Helen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helen Cooper, Brian Holt, and Richard Bowden. 2011. Sign language recognition. Visual Analysis of Humans: Looking at People (2011), 539\u2013562."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Why sign-language gloves don\u2019t help deaf people. The Atlantic","author":"Erard Michael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michael Erard. 2017. Why sign-language gloves don\u2019t help deaf people. The Atlantic (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC52423.2021.9658982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Bogdan-Florin Gheran Ovidiu-Ciprian Ungurean and Radu-Daniel Vatavu. 2018. Toward Smart Rings as Assistive Devices for People with Motor Impairments: A Position Paper. In RoCHI. 99\u2013106."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430263.3452428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173755"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Do Deaf Communities Actually Want Sign Language Gloves?Nature Electronics 3, 9","author":"Hill Joseph","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joseph Hill. 2020. Do Deaf Communities Actually Want Sign Language Gloves?Nature Electronics 3, 9 (2020), 512\u2013513. Issue 9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544794.3558458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2541831.2541875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Soviet physics. Doklady","author":"Levenshtein I.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Vladimir\u00a0I. Levenshtein. 1965. Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Soviet physics. Doklady (1965)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09994-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Scott MacKenzie and R.\u00a0William Soukoreff. 2003. Phrase Sets for Evaluating Text Entry Techniques. In CHI \u201903 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems.","DOI":"10.1145\/765968.765971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"How Many People Use ASL in the United States? Why Estimates Need Updating. Sign Language Studies","author":"Mitchell Ross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ross Mitchell, Travas Young, Bellamie Bachleda, and Michael Karchmer. 2006. How Many People Use ASL in the United States? Why Estimates Need Updating. Sign Language Studies (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2380116.2380135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"How the alphabet came to be used in a sign language. Sign Language Studies","author":"Padden A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carol\u00a0A Padden and Darline\u00a0Clark Gunsauls. 2003. How the alphabet came to be used in a sign language. Sign Language Studies (2003), 10\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3340120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katerina Papadimitriou and Gerasimos Potamianos. 2019. End-to-End Convolutional Sequence Learning for ASL Fingerspelling Recognition.. In INTERSPEECH Vol.\u00a02019. 2315\u20139.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2019-2422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Poster presented at 10th Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research conference","author":"Quinto-Pozos David","unstructured":"David Quinto-Pozos. 2010. Rates of fingerspelling in american sign language. In Poster presented at 10th Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research conference, West Lafayette, Indiana, Vol.\u00a030."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10768-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Shi A.\u00a0Martinez\u00a0Del Rio J. Keane D. Brentari G. Shakhnarovich and K. Livescu. 2019. Fingerspelling recognition in the wild with iterative visual attention. ICCV (October 2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3550281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Tap. 2019. Tap Strap 2. https:\/\/www.tapwithus.com\/product\/tap-strap-2\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2790044.2790047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Thomas Hain, Dan\u00a0J. Kershaw, Gareth\u00a0L. Moore, J.\u00a0J. Odell, David Ollason, Daniel Povey, Valtchev, and Philip\u00a0C. Woodland.","author":"Young J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steve\u00a0J. Young, Gunnar Evermann, Mark John\u00a0Francis Gales, Thomas Hain, Dan\u00a0J. Kershaw, Gareth\u00a0L. Moore, J.\u00a0J. Odell, David Ollason, Daniel Povey, Valtchev, and Philip\u00a0C. Woodland. 2006. The HTK book version 3.4. Cambridge Univ. Eng. Dept. Speech Group and Entropic Research Lab. Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123021.3123041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534587"}],"event":{"name":"ASSETS '23: The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","location":"New York NY USA","acronym":"ASSETS '23","sponsor":["SIGACCESS ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"]},"container-title":["The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3597638.3614491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3597638.3614491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:36:52Z","timestamp":1750178212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3597638.3614491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3597638.3614491","10.1145\/3597638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3597638.3614491","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}