{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:22:38Z","timestamp":1766067758184,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GetMobile: Mobile Comp. and Comm."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cellular network offers a ubiquitous emergency call service with its pervasive coverage. In the United States, it can be consumed by dialing 911 for cellular users, and the emergency call is forwarded to the public safety answer point (PSAP), which handles emergency service requests. According to regulatory authority requirements [1,2,3] for cellular emergency services, anonymous user equipment (UE) is allowed to access them without a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card, a valid mobile subscription, or a roaming agreement with the visited cellular network. Such support of the cellular emergency services requires different operations from conventional cellular services, thereby increasing the attack surface of the cellular infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3599184.3599195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T23:52:21Z","timestamp":1684799541000},"page":"39-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unveiling the Insecurity of Operational Cellular Emergency Services (911): Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Min-Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Guan-Hua","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Roc"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Chunyi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhaowei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Songwu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"GSMA. 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FCC 911 Regulations: 47 CFR Part 9 : 911 Requirements, 2021 . https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-47\/ chapter-I\/subchapter-A\/part-9. Federal Communications Commission. FCC 911 Regulations: 47 CFR Part 9: 911 Requirements, 2021. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-47\/ chapter-I\/subchapter-A\/part-9.","journal-title":"CFR Part"},{"volume-title":"Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Information Assurance (IWIA'06)","author":"Aschenbruck Nils","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Nils Aschenbruck , Matthias Frank , and Peter Martini . Present and future challenges concerning DoS-attacks against PSAPs in VoIP networks. 2006 . Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Information Assurance (IWIA'06) . Nils Aschenbruck, Matthias Frank, and Peter Martini. Present and future challenges concerning DoS-attacks against PSAPs in VoIP networks. 2006. Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Information Assurance (IWIA'06)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2019.2963856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86586-3_3"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, 296--309","author":"Hou Kaiyu","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Kaiyu Hou , You Li , Yinbo Yu , Yan Chen , and Hai Zhou . Discovering emergency call pitfalls for cellular networks with formal methods. 2021 . Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, 296--309 . Kaiyu Hou, You Li, Yinbo Yu, Yan Chen, and Hai Zhou. Discovering emergency call pitfalls for cellular networks with formal methods. 2021. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, 296--309."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307334.3326082"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 703--715","author":"Hu Yiwen","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Yiwen Hu , Min-Yue Chen , Guan-Hua Tu , Chi-Yu Li , Sihan Wang , Jingwen Shi , Tian Xie et al. Uncovering insecure designs of cellular emergency services (911). 2022 . Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 703--715 . Yiwen Hu, Min-Yue Chen, Guan-Hua Tu, Chi-Yu Li, Sihan Wang, Jingwen Shi, Tian Xie et al. Uncovering insecure designs of cellular emergency services (911). 2022. 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