{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:13:02Z","timestamp":1767262382747,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":54,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3600006.3613158","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T14:44:17Z","timestamp":1696344257000},"page":"515-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PVM: Efficient Shadow Paging for Deploying Secure Containers in Cloud-native Environment"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2107-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4829-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangshan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ant Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, United States of America"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5062-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, United States of America"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7525-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenlong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ant Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7822-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ant Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6761-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9194-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6180-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ant Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7682-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ant Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8129-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0506-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8629-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group, Hang Zhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-127X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wu Han, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"About nested virtualization. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/compute\/docs\/instances\/nested-virtualization\/overview.  About nested virtualization. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/compute\/docs\/instances\/nested-virtualization\/overview."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Amd secure encrypted virtualization (sev). https:\/\/www.amd.com\/en\/developer\/sev.html#:~:text=AMD%20Secure%20Encrypted%20Virtualization%2DEncrypted to%20a%20CPU%20register%20state.  Amd secure encrypted virtualization (sev). https:\/\/www.amd.com\/en\/developer\/sev.html#:~:text=AMD%20Secure%20Encrypted%20Virtualization%2DEncrypted to%20a%20CPU%20register%20state."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Amd virtualization (amd-v). https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchitoperations\/definition\/AMD-V-AMD-virtualization.  Amd virtualization (amd-v). https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchitoperations\/definition\/AMD-V-AMD-virtualization."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"CloudSuite. https:\/\/github.com\/parsa-epfl\/cloudsuite. CloudSuite. https:\/\/github.com\/parsa-epfl\/cloudsuite."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Intel\u00ae trust domain extensions (intel\u00ae tdx). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/developer\/articles\/technical\/intel-trust-domain-extensions.html.  Intel\u00ae trust domain extensions (intel\u00ae tdx). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/developer\/articles\/technical\/intel-trust-domain-extensions.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Kata Containers. https:\/\/github.com\/kata-containers. Kata Containers. https:\/\/github.com\/kata-containers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Lguest: The simple x86 hypervisor. http:\/\/lguest.ozlabs.org\/.  Lguest: The simple x86 hypervisor. http:\/\/lguest.ozlabs.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"LMbench - Tools for Performance Analysis. https:\/\/lmbench.sourceforge.net\/.  LMbench - Tools for Performance Analysis. https:\/\/lmbench.sourceforge.net\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"X86-s external architectural specification. https:\/\/cdrdv2-public.intel.com\/776648\/x86s-EAS-v1-4-17-23-1.pdf.  X86-s external architectural specification. https:\/\/cdrdv2-public.intel.com\/776648\/x86s-EAS-v1-4-17-23-1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/gvisor.dev\/","author":"Visor","year":"2023","unstructured":"g Visor . https:\/\/gvisor.dev\/ , 2023 . gVisor. https:\/\/gvisor.dev\/, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2642937.2642990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Intel virtualization technology for directed i\/o. Intel technology journal 10, 3","author":"Abramson D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abramson , D. , Jackson , J. , Muthrasanallur , S. , Neiger , G. , Regnier , G. , Sankaran , R. , Schoinas , I. , Uhlig , R. , Vembu , B. , and Wiegert , J . Intel virtualization technology for directed i\/o. Intel technology journal 10, 3 ( 2006 ). Abramson, D., Jackson, J., Muthrasanallur, S., Neiger, G., Regnier, G., Sankaran, R., Schoinas, I., Uhlig, R., Vembu, B., and Wiegert, J. Intel virtualization technology for directed i\/o. Intel technology journal 10, 3 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1168918.1168860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"2007 SPEC Benchmark Workshop","author":"Adamson A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adamson , A. Specjbb 2005-a year in the life of a benchmark . In 2007 SPEC Benchmark Workshop ( 2007 ). Adamson, A. Specjbb2005-a year in the life of a benchmark. In 2007 SPEC Benchmark Workshop (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20)","author":"Agache A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agache , A. , Brooker , M. , Iordache , A. , Liguori , A. , Neugebauer , R. , Piwonka , P. , and Popa , D . -M. Firecracker: Lightweight virtualization for serverless applications . In 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20) (Santa Clara, CA , Feb. 2020 ), USENIX Association, pp. 419--434. Agache, A., Brooker, M., Iordache, A., Liguori, A., Neugebauer, R., Piwonka, P., and Popa, D.-M. Firecracker: Lightweight virtualization for serverless applications. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20) (Santa Clara, CA, Feb. 2020), USENIX Association, pp. 419--434."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/cis.v8n2p58"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3337821.3337840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Xen and the art of virtualization. ACM SIGOPS operating systems review 37, 5","author":"Barham P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barham , P. , Dragovic , B. , Fraser , K. , Hand , S. , Harris , T. , Ho , A. , Neugebauer , R. , Pratt , I. , and Warfield , A . Xen and the art of virtualization. ACM SIGOPS operating systems review 37, 5 ( 2003 ), 164--177. Barham, P., Dragovic, B., Fraser, K., Hand, S., Harris, T., Ho, A., Neugebauer, R., Pratt, I., and Warfield, A. Xen and the art of virtualization. ACM SIGOPS operating systems review 37, 5 (2003), 164--177."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 10)","author":"Ben-Yehuda M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ben-Yehuda , M. , Day , M. D. , Dubitzky , Z. , Factor , M. , Har'El , N. , Gordon , A. , Liguori , A. , Wasserman , O. , and Yassour , B . -A. The turtles project: Design and implementation of nested virtualization . In 9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 10) (Vancouver, BC, Oct. 2010 ), USENIX Association. Ben-Yehuda, M., Day, M. D., Dubitzky, Z., Factor, M., Har'El, N., Gordon, A., Liguori, A., Wasserman, O., and Yassour, B.-A. The turtles project: Design and implementation of nested virtualization. In 9th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 10) (Vancouver, BC, Oct. 2010), USENIX Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Osdi","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Yehuda M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ben-Yehuda , M. , Day , M. D. , Dubitzky , Z. , Factor , M. , Har'El , N. , Gordon , A. , Liguori , A. , Wasserman , O. , and Yassour , B . -A. The turtles project: Design and implementation of nested virtualization . In Osdi ( 2010 ), vol. 10 , pp. 423 -- 436 . Ben-Yehuda, M., Day, M. D., Dubitzky, Z., Factor, M., Har'El, N., Gordon, A., Liguori, A., Wasserman, O., and Yassour, B.-A. The turtles project: Design and implementation of nested virtualization. In Osdi (2010), vol. 10, pp. 423--436."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1454115.1454128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2806777.2809955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Disco: Running commodity operating systems on scalable multiprocessors. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 15, 4","author":"Bugnion E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bugnion , E. , Devine , S. , Govil , K. , and Rosenblum , M . Disco: Running commodity operating systems on scalable multiprocessors. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 15, 4 ( 1997 ), 412--447. Bugnion, E., Devine, S., Govil, K., and Rosenblum, M. Disco: Running commodity operating systems on scalable multiprocessors. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 15, 4 (1997), 412--447."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Bringing virtualization to the x86 architecture with the original vmware workstation. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 30, 4","author":"Bugnion E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bugnion , E. , Devine , S. , Rosenblum , M. , Sugerman , J. , and Wang , E. Y . Bringing virtualization to the x86 architecture with the original vmware workstation. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 30, 4 ( 2012 ), 1--51. Bugnion, E., Devine, S., Rosenblum, M., Sugerman, J., and Wang, E. Y. Bringing virtualization to the x86 architecture with the original vmware workstation. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) 30, 4 (2012), 1--51."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3092778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"the linux kernel build system","volume":"2012","author":"Canillas J. M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Canillas , J. M. Kbuild : the linux kernel build system . Linux Journal 2012 , 222 ( 2012 ), 1. Canillas, J. M. Kbuild: the linux kernel build system. Linux Journal 2012, 222 (2012), 1.","journal-title":"Linux Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"System programming. 2023","author":"Devices A. M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Devices , A. M. Amd64 architecture programmer's manual volume 2 : System programming. 2023 ( 2023 ). Devices, A. M. Amd64 architecture programmer's manual volume 2: System programming. 2023 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"A seccomp overview. Linux Weekly News","author":"Edge J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edge , J. A seccomp overview. Linux Weekly News ( 2015 ). Edge, J. A seccomp overview. Linux Weekly News (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"5th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 13)","author":"Fishman A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fishman , A. , Rapoport , M. , Budilovsky , E. , and Eidus , I . HVX: Virtualizing the cloud . In 5th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 13) (San Jose, CA , June 2013 ), USENIX Association. Fishman, A., Rapoport, M., Budilovsky, E., and Eidus, I. HVX: Virtualizing the cloud. In 5th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 13) (San Jose, CA, June 2013), USENIX Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3560592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 17)","author":"Gopalan K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gopalan , K. , Kugve , R. , Bagdi , H. , Hu , Y. , Williams , D. , and Bila , N . Multi-Hypervisor virtual machines: Enabling an ecosystem of hypervisor-level services . In 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 17) (Santa Clara, CA , July 2017 ), USENIX Association, pp. 235--249. Gopalan, K., Kugve, R., Bagdi, H., Hu, Y., Williams, D., and Bila, N. Multi-Hypervisor virtual machines: Enabling an ecosystem of hypervisor-level services. In 2017 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 17) (Santa Clara, CA, July 2017), USENIX Association, pp. 235--249."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/319151.319162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Apparmor technical documentation","author":"Gruenbacher A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gruenbacher , A. , and Arnold , S . Apparmor technical documentation , 2007 . Gruenbacher, A., and Arnold, S. Apparmor technical documentation, 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Hallyn S. E. and Morgan A. G. Linux capabilities: Making them work.  Hallyn S. E. and Morgan A. G. Linux capabilities: Making them work."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Linux symposium","volume":"1","author":"Kivity A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kivity , A. , Kamay , Y. , Laor , D. , Lublin , U. , and Liguori , A . kvm: the linux virtual machine monitor . In Proceedings of the Linux symposium ( 2007 ), vol. 1 , Dttawa, Dntorio, Canada , pp. 225 -- 230 . Kivity, A., Kamay, Y., Laor, D., Lublin, U., and Liguori, A. kvm: the linux virtual machine monitor. In Proceedings of the Linux symposium (2007), vol. 1, Dttawa, Dntorio, Canada, pp. 225--230."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22)","author":"Li Z.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li , Z. , Cheng , J. , Chen , Q. , Guan , E. , Bian , Z. , Tao , Y. , Zha , B. , Wang , Q. , Han , W. , and Guo , M . RunD: A lightweight secure container runtime for high-density deployment and high-concurrency startup in serverless computing . In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22) (Carlsbad, CA, July 2022 ), USENIX Association , pp. 53 -- 68 . Li, Z., Cheng, J., Chen, Q., Guan, E., Bian, Z., Tao, Y., Zha, B., Wang, Q., Han, W., and Guo, M. RunD: A lightweight secure container runtime for high-density deployment and high-concurrency startup in serverless computing. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22) (Carlsbad, CA, July 2022), USENIX Association, pp. 53--68."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1094-1105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1535\/itj.1003.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSC.2011.6138541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361011.361073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Linux symposium","volume":"2","author":"Pratt I.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pratt , I. , Fraser , K. , Hand , S. , Limpach , C. , Warfield , A. , Magenheimer , D. , Nakajima , J. , and Mallick , A . Xen 3.0 and the art of virtualization . In Linux symposium ( 2005 ), vol. 2 , Citeseer , pp. 65 -- 78 . Pratt, I., Fraser, K., Hand, S., Limpach, C., Warfield, A., Magenheimer, D., Nakajima, J., and Mallick, A. Xen 3.0 and the art of virtualization. In Linux symposium (2005), vol. 2, Citeseer, pp. 65--78."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2E.2019.00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1134760.1134762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307650.3322261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Wasserman O. Nested virtualization: shadow turtles. https:\/\/www.linux-kvm.org\/images\/e\/e9\/Kvm-forum-2013-nested-virtualization-shadow-turtles.pdf.  Wasserman O. Nested virtualization: shadow turtles. https:\/\/www.linux-kvm.org\/images\/e\/e9\/Kvm-forum-2013-nested-virtualization-shadow-turtles.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2168836.2168849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267809.3267845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"11th {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 19)","author":"Young E. G.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young , E. G. , Zhu , P. , Caraza-Harter , T. , Arpaci-Dusseau , A. C. , and Arpaci-Dusseau , R. H. The true cost of containing: A gvisor case study . In 11th {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 19) ( 2019 ). Young, E. G., Zhu, P., Caraza-Harter, T., Arpaci-Dusseau, A. C., and Arpaci-Dusseau, R. H. The true cost of containing: A gvisor case study. In 11th {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 19) (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3337821.3337900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378507"}],"event":{"name":"SOSP '23: 29th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles","sponsor":["SIGOPS ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems","USENIX"],"location":"Koblenz Germany","acronym":"SOSP '23"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 29th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3600006.3613158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:36:49Z","timestamp":1750178209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3600006.3613158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3600006.3613158","10.1145\/3600006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3600006.3613158","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}