{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:59:41Z","timestamp":1775066381430,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":60,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604720","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T18:41:37Z","timestamp":1693334497000},"page":"809-833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating the Fairness of Discriminative Foundation Models in Computer Vision"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4850-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matth\u00e4us","family":"Kleindessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Web Services, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0368-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Web Services, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kailash","family":"Budhathoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Web Services, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5004-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volkan","family":"Cevher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Web Services, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1665-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Web Services, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Amsterdam, The Netherlands","author":"Anderson Peter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peter Anderson, Basura Fernando, Mark Johnson, and Stephen Gould. 2016. Spice: Semantic propositional image caption evaluation. In Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11-14, 2016, Proceedings, Part V 14."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the acl workshop on intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation measures for machine translation and\/or summarization.","author":"Banerjee Satanjeev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Satanjeev Banerjee and Alon Lavie. 2005. METEOR: An automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments. In Proceedings of the acl workshop on intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation measures for machine translation and\/or summarization."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific","author":"Berg Hugo","unstructured":"Hugo Berg, Siobhan Hall, Yash Bhalgat, Hannah Kirk, Aleksandar Shtedritski, and Max Bain. 2022. A Prompt Array Keeps the Bias Away: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Adversarial Learning. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Multimodal datasets: misogyny, pornography, and malignant stereotypes. arXiv:2110.01963 [cs.CY]","author":"Birhane Abeba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abeba Birhane, Vinay\u00a0Uday Prabhu, and Emmanuel Kahembwe. 2021. Multimodal datasets: misogyny, pornography, and malignant stereotypes. arXiv:2110.01963 [cs.CY] (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop Christopher","unstructured":"Christopher Bishop. 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"Tolga Bolukbasi Kai-Wei Chang James Zou Venkatesh Saligrama and Adam Kalai. 2016. Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings. In Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models. arXiv:2108.07258 [cs.LG]","author":"Bommasani Rishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rishi Bommasani, Drew\u00a0A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael\u00a0S. Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, Erik Brynjolfsson, Shyamal Buch, Dallas Card, Rodrigo Castellon, Niladri Chatterji, Annie Chen, Kathleen Creel, Jared\u00a0Quincy Davis, Dora Demszky, Chris Donahue, Moussa Doumbouya, Esin Durmus, Stefano Ermon, John Etchemendy, Kawin Ethayarajh, Li Fei-Fei, Chelsea Finn, Trevor Gale, Lauren Gillespie, Karan Goel, Noah Goodman, Shelby Grossman, Neel Guha, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Peter Henderson, John Hewitt, Daniel\u00a0E. Ho, Jenny Hong, Kyle Hsu, Jing Huang, Thomas Icard, Saahil Jain, Dan Jurafsky, Pratyusha Kalluri, Siddharth Karamcheti, Geoff Keeling, Fereshte Khani, Omar Khattab, Pang\u00a0Wei Koh, Mark Krass, Ranjay Krishna, Rohith Kuditipudi, Ananya Kumar, Faisal Ladhak, Mina Lee, Tony Lee, Jure Leskovec, Isabelle Levent, Xiang\u00a0Lisa Li, Xuechen Li, Tengyu Ma, Ali Malik, Christopher\u00a0D. Manning, Suvir Mirchandani, Eric Mitchell, Zanele Munyikwa, Suraj Nair, Avanika Narayan, Deepak Narayanan, Ben Newman, Allen Nie, Juan\u00a0Carlos Niebles, Hamed Nilforoshan, Julian Nyarko, Giray Ogut, Laurel Orr, Isabel Papadimitriou, Joon\u00a0Sung Park, Chris Piech, Eva Portelance, Christopher Potts, Aditi Raghunathan, Rob Reich, Hongyu Ren, Frieda Rong, Yusuf Roohani, Camilo Ruiz, Jack Ryan, Christopher R\u00e9, Dorsa Sadigh, Shiori Sagawa, Keshav Santhanam, Andy Shih, Krishnan Srinivasan, Alex Tamkin, Rohan Taori, Armin\u00a0W. Thomas, Florian Tram\u00e8r, Rose\u00a0E. Wang, William Wang, Bohan Wu, Jiajun Wu, Yuhuai Wu, Sang\u00a0Michael Xie, Michihiro Yasunaga, Jiaxuan You, Matei Zaharia, Michael Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Xikun Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Lucia Zheng, Kaitlyn Zhou, and Percy Liang. 2022. On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models. arXiv:2108.07258 [cs.LG] (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10599-4_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"Tom\u00a0B. Brown Benjamin Mann Nick Ryder Melanie Subbiah Jared Kaplan Prafulla Dhariwal Arvind Neelakantan Pranav Shyam Girish Sastry Amanda Askell Sandhini Agarwal Ariel Herbert-Voss Gretchen Krueger Tom Henighan Rewon Child Aditya Ramesh Daniel\u00a0M. Ziegler Jeffrey Wu Clemens Winter Christopher Hesse Mark Chen Eric Sigler Mateusz Litwin Scott Gray Benjamin Chess Jack Clark Christopher Berner Sam McCandlish Alec Radford Ilya Sutskever and Dario Amodei. 2020. Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. In Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. The Journal of Politics","author":"Campbell E","year":"2006","unstructured":"David\u00a0E Campbell and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. The Journal of Politics (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models. arXiv:2012.07805 [cs.CR]","author":"Carlini Nicholas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicholas Carlini, Florian Tramer, Eric Wallace, Matthew Jagielski, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Katherine Lee, Adam Roberts, Tom Brown, Dawn Song, Ulfar Erlingsson, Alina Oprea, and Colin Raffel. 2020. Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models. arXiv:2012.07805 [cs.CR] (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Cross-lingual and Multilingual CLIP. In Language Resources and Evaluation Conference.","author":"Carlsson Fredrik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fredrik Carlsson, Philipp Eisen, Faton Rekathati, and Magnus Sahlgren. 2022. Cross-lingual and Multilingual CLIP. In Language Resources and Evaluation Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Reproducible scaling laws for contrastive language-image learning. arXiv:2212.07143 [cs.LG]","author":"Cherti Mehdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehdi Cherti, Romain Beaumont, Ross Wightman, Mitchell Wortsman, Gabriel Ilharco, Cade Gordon, Christoph Schuhmann, Ludwig Schmidt, and Jenia Jitsev. 2022. Reproducible scaling laws for contrastive language-image learning. arXiv:2212.07143 [cs.LG] (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Ke-Li Chiu A. Collins and R. Alexander. 2022. Detecting Hate Speech with GPT-3. arXiv:2103.12407 [cs.CL] (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Debiasing vision-language models via biased prompts. arXiv:2302.00070 [cs.LG]","author":"Chuang Ching-Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ching-Yao Chuang, Varun Jampani, Yuanzhen Li, Antonio Torralba, and Stefanie Jegelka. 2023. Debiasing vision-language models via biased prompts. arXiv:2302.00070 [cs.LG] (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Alexis Conneau and Guillaume Lample. 2019. Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining. In Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3136898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv:1810.04805 [cs.CL]","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv:1810.04805 [cs.CL] (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cynthia Dwork Moritz Hardt Toniann Pitassi Omer Reingold and Richard Zemel. 2012. Fairness through awareness. In Innovations in theoretical computer science conference.","DOI":"10.1145\/2090236.2090255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-009-0275-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"On formalizing fairness in prediction with machine learning. arXiv:1710.03184 [cs.LG]","author":"Gajane Pratik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pratik Gajane and Mykola Pechenizkiy. 2017. On formalizing fairness in prediction with machine learning. arXiv:1710.03184 [cs.LG] (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of NAACL-HLT.","author":"Gonen Hila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hila Gonen and Yoav Goldberg. 2019. Lipstick on a Pig: Debiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Them. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Hardt Moritz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moritz Hardt, Eric Price, and Nati Srebro. 2016. Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. Advances in neural information processing systems (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabriel Ilharco Mitchell Wortsman Ross Wightman Cade Gordon Nicholas Carlini Rohan Taori Achal Dave Vaishaal Shankar Hongseok Namkoong John Miller Hannaneh Hajishirzi Ali Farhadi and Ludwig Schmidt. 2021. OpenCLIP. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5143773","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.5143773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination. Knowledge and Information Systems (KAIS)","author":"Kamiran Faisal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Faisal Kamiran and Toon Calders. 2012. Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination. Knowledge and Information Systems (KAIS) (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS).","author":"Kleindessner Matth\u00e4us","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matth\u00e4us Kleindessner, Michele Donini, Chris Russell, and Bilal Zafar. 2023. Efficient fair PCA for fair representation learning. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Zero-data Learning of New Tasks. In AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.","author":"Larochelle Hugo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hugo Larochelle, Dumitru Erhan, and Yoshua Bengio. 2008. Zero-data Learning of New Tasks. In AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Mind the Gap: Understanding the Modality Gap in Multi-modal Contrastive Representation Learning. arXiv:2203.02053 [cs.CL]","author":"Liang Weixin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weixin Liang, Yuhui Zhang, Yongchan Kwon, Serena Yeung, and James Zou. 2022. Mind the Gap: Understanding the Modality Gap in Multi-modal Contrastive Representation Learning. arXiv:2203.02053 [cs.CL] (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Rouge: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In Text summarization branches out.","author":"Lin Chin-Yew","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chin-Yew Lin. 2004. Rouge: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In Text summarization branches out."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild. In International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).","author":"Liu Ziwei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ziwei Liu, Ping Luo, Xiaogang Wang, and Xiaoou Tang. 2015. Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild. In International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Meet DALL-E, the A.I. That Draws Anything at Your Command. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/04\/06\/technology\/openai-images-dall-e.html.","author":"Metz Cade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cade Metz. April 2022. Meet DALL-E, the A.I. That Draws Anything at Your Command. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/04\/06\/technology\/openai-images-dall-e.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Clipcap: Clip prefix for image captioning. arXiv:2111.09734 [cs.CV]","author":"Mokady Ron","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ron Mokady, Amir Hertz, and Amit\u00a0H Bermano. 2021. Clipcap: Clip prefix for image captioning. arXiv:2111.09734 [cs.CV] (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.","author":"Papineni Kishore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","unstructured":"Billy Perrigo. August 2021. An Artificial Intelligence Helped Write This Play. It May Contain Racism. https:\/\/time.com\/6092078\/artificial-intelligence-play\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"Are Multimodal Models Robust to Image and Text Perturbations?arXiv:2212.08044 [cs.CV]","author":"Qiu Jielin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jielin Qiu, Yi Zhu, Xingjian Shi, Florian Wenzel, Zhiqiang Tang, Ding Zhao, Bo Li, and Mu Li. 2022. Are Multimodal Models Robust to Image and Text Perturbations?arXiv:2212.08044 [cs.CV] (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR.","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jong\u00a0Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML).","author":"Ramesh Aditya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh, Mikhail Pavlov, Gabriel Goh, Scott Gray, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Mark Chen, and Ilya Sutskever. 2021. Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"High-Resolution Image Synthesis With Latent Diffusion Models. In IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).","author":"Rombach Robin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, and Bj\u00f6rn Ommer. 2022. High-Resolution Image Synthesis With Latent Diffusion Models. In IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"Laion-400m: Open dataset of clip-filtered 400 million image-text pairs. arXiv:2111.02114 [cs.CV]","author":"Schuhmann Christoph","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christoph Schuhmann, Richard Vencu, Romain Beaumont, Robert Kaczmarczyk, Clayton Mullis, Aarush Katta, Theo Coombes, Jenia Jitsev, and Aran Komatsuzaki. 2021. Laion-400m: Open dataset of clip-filtered 400 million image-text pairs. arXiv:2111.02114 [cs.CV] (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Fairness Definitions Explained. In ACM\/IEEE International Workshop on Software Fairness.","author":"Verma Sahil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahil Verma and Julia Rubin. 2018. Fairness Definitions Explained. In ACM\/IEEE International Workshop on Software Fairness."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Online Encyclopedia. In International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.","author":"Wagner Claudia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Claudia Wagner, David Garcia, Mohsen Jadidi, and Markus Strohmaier. 2015. It\u2019s a Man\u2019s Wikipedia? Assessing Gender Inequality in an Online Encyclopedia. In International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Are gender-neutral queries really gender-neutral? mitigating gender bias in image search. arXiv:2109.05433 [cs.CV]","author":"Wang Jialu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jialu Wang, Yang Liu, and Xin\u00a0Eric Wang. 2021. Are gender-neutral queries really gender-neutral? mitigating gender bias in image search. arXiv:2109.05433 [cs.CV] (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Assessing Multilingual Fairness in Pre-trained Multimodal Representations. arXiv:2106.06683 [cs.CL]","author":"Wang Jialu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jialu Wang, Yang Liu, and Xin\u00a0Eric Wang. 2021. Assessing Multilingual Fairness in Pre-trained Multimodal Representations. arXiv:2106.06683 [cs.CL] (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","unstructured":"Florian Wenzel Andrea Dittadi Peter\u00a0V. Gehler Carl-Johann Simon-Gabriel Max Horn Dominik Zietlow David Kernert Chris Russell Thomas Brox Bernt Schiele Bernhard Sch\u00f6lkopf and Francesco Locatello. 2022. Assaying Out-Of-Distribution Generalization in Transfer Learning. In Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01456"}],"event":{"name":"AIES '23: AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","location":"Montr\u00e9al QC Canada","acronym":"AIES '23","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3600211.3604720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3600211.3604720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:37:39Z","timestamp":1750178259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3600211.3604720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3600211.3604720","10.1145\/3600211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3600211.3604720","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}