{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:53:23Z","timestamp":1780624403287,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":50,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"SAMSUNG"},{"name":"GOOGLE"},{"name":"NSF","award":["CNS-2107147 CNS-1845749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2107147 CNS-1845749"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3603269.3604833","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T16:16:29Z","timestamp":1693584989000},"page":"1060-1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cowbird: Freeing CPUs to Compute by Offloading the Disaggregation of Memory"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8407-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangcheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4523-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qizhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto and Microsoft, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/network.nvidia.com\/files\/doc-2020\/pb-bluefield-smart-nic.pdf","author":"Bluefield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bluefield smartnic. https:\/\/network.nvidia.com\/files\/doc-2020\/pb-bluefield-smart-nic.pdf, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The breakthrough cpu-to-device interconnect. https:\/\/www.computeexpresslink.org","author":"Compute","year":"2022","unstructured":"Compute express link: The breakthrough cpu-to-device interconnect. https:\/\/www.computeexpresslink.org, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/products\/network-io\/programmable-ethernet-switch\/tofino-series.html","author":"Intel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Intel tofino. https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/products\/network-io\/programmable-ethernet-switch\/tofino-series.html, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3317550.3321433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"735","volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Ambati Pradeep","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pradeep Ambati, Inigo Goiri, Felipe Frujeri, Alper Gun, Ke Wang, Brian Dolan, Brian Corell, Sekhar Pasupuleti, Thomas Moscibroda, Sameh Elnikety, Marcus Fontoura, and Ricardo Bianchini. Providing slos for resource-harvesting vms in cloud platforms. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20), pages 735--751. USENIX Association, November 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Introducing data center fabric, the next-generation facebook data center network. https:\/\/goo.gl\/rE8wkL","author":"Andreyev Alexey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alexey Andreyev. Introducing data center fabric, the next-generation facebook data center network. https:\/\/goo.gl\/rE8wkL, 2014. Facebook."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"12th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing, HotCloud 2020","author":"Angel Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian Angel, Mihir Nanavati, and Siddhartha Sen. Disaggregation and the application. In Amar Phanishayee and Ryan Stutsman, editors, 12th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing, HotCloud 2020, July 13-14, 2020. USENIX Association, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2254756.2254766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Rdma over converged ethernet (roce). https:\/\/techdocs.broadcom.com\/us\/en\/storage-and-ethernet-connectivity\/ethernetnic-controllers\/bcm957xxx\/adapters\/RDMA-over-Converged-Ethernet.html","year":"2022","unstructured":"Broadcom. Rdma over converged ethernet (roce). https:\/\/techdocs.broadcom.com\/us\/en\/storage-and-ethernet-connectivity\/ethernetnic-controllers\/bcm957xxx\/adapters\/RDMA-over-Converged-Ethernet.html, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152434.3152447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPSR.2018.8850757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2014","author":"Dragojevic Aleksandar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aleksandar Dragojevic, Dushyanth Narayanan, Miguel Castro, and Orion Hodson. Farm: Fast remote memory. In Ratul Mahajan and Ion Stoica, editors, Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2014, Seattle, WA, USA, April 2-4, 2014, pages 401--414. USENIX Association, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18)","author":"Firestone Daniel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daniel Firestone, Andrew Putnam, Sambhrama Mundkur, Derek Chiou, Alireza Dabagh, Mike Andrewartha, Hari Angepat, Vivek Bhanu, Adrian Caulfield, Eric Chung, et al. Azure accelerated networking:{SmartNICs} in the public cloud. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18), pages 51--66, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"287","volume-title":"2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22)","author":"Gouk Donghyun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Donghyun Gouk, Sangwon Lee, Miryeong Kwon, and Myoungsoo Jung. Direct access, High-Performance memory disaggregation with DirectCXL. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22), pages 287--294, Carlsbad, CA, July 2022. USENIX Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"649","volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2017","author":"Gu Juncheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Juncheng Gu, Youngmoon Lee, Yiwen Zhang, Mosharaf Chowdhury, and Kang G. Shin. Efficient memory disaggregation with infiniswap. In Aditya Akella and Jon Howell, editors, 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2017, Boston, MA, USA, March 27-29, 2017, pages 649--667. USENIX Association, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934872.2934908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503222.3507762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2535771.2535778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477132.3483565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","first-page":"488","volume-title":"SOSP '21: ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Virtual Event \/ Koblenz","author":"Yu Yanpeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seung-seob Lee, Yanpeng Yu, Yupeng Tang, Anurag Khandelwal, Lin Zhong, and Abhishek Bhattacharjee. MIND: in-network memory management for disaggregated data centers. In Robbert van Renesse and Nickolai Zeldovich, editors, SOSP '21: ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Virtual Event \/ Koblenz, Germany, October 26-29, 2021, pages 488--504. ACM, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"36th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2009)","author":"Lim Kevin T.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kevin T. Lim, Jichuan Chang, Trevor N. Mudge, Parthasarathy Ranganathan, Steven K. Reinhardt, and Thomas F. Wenisch. Disaggregated memory for expansion and sharing in blade servers. In Stephen W. Keckler and Luiz Andr\u00e9 Barroso, editors, 36th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2009), June 20-24, 2009, Austin, TX, USA, pages 267--278. ACM, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341302.3342079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","first-page":"843","volume-title":"2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, USENIX ATC 2020","author":"Maruf Hasan Al","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan Al Maruf and Mosharaf Chowdhury. Effectively prefetching remote memory with leap. In Ada Gavrilovska and Erez Zadok, editors, 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, USENIX ATC 2020, July 15-17, 2020, pages 843--857. USENIX Association, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Faster: Fast persistent recoverable log and key-value store + cache, in c# and c++. https:\/\/microsoft.github.io\/FASTER\/","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft. Faster: Fast persistent recoverable log and key-value store + cache, in c# and c++. https:\/\/microsoft.github.io\/FASTER\/, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Nvidia quantum infiniband platform. https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/networking\/products\/infiniband\/","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nvidia. Nvidia quantum infiniband platform. https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/networking\/products\/infiniband\/, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"361","volume-title":"16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2019","author":"Ousterhout Amy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amy Ousterhout, Joshua Fried, Jonathan Behrens, Adam Belay, and Hari Balakrishnan. Shenango: Achieving high CPU efficiency for latency-sensitive datacenter workloads. In Jay R. Lorch and Minlan Yu, editors, 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2019, Boston, MA, February 26-28, 2019, pages 361--378. USENIX Association, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2022","author":"Reda Waleed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waleed Reda, Marco Canini, Dejan Kostic, and Simon Peter. RDMA is turing complete, we just did not know it yet! In Amar Phanishayee and Vyas Sekar, editors, 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 2022, Renton, WA, USA, April 4-6, 2022, pages 71--85. USENIX Association, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2020","author":"Ruan Zhenyuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhenyuan Ruan, Malte Schwarzkopf, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Adam Belay. AIFM: high-performance, application-integrated far memory. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2020, Virtual Event, November 4-6, 2020, pages 315--332. USENIX Association, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Samsung. Samsung unveils industry-first memory module incorporating new cxl interconnect standard. https:\/\/semiconductor.samsung.com\/newsroom\/news\/samsung-unveils-industry-first-memory-module-incorporating-new-cxl-interconnect-standard\/ 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","first-page":"785","volume-title":"18th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 21)","author":"Sapio Amedeo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amedeo Sapio, Marco Canini, Chen-Yu Ho, Jacob Nelson, Panos Kalnis, Changhoon Kim, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Masoud Moshref, Dan Ports, and Peter Richtarik. Scaling distributed machine learning with In-Network aggregation. In 18th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 21), pages 785--808. USENIX Association, April 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2018","author":"Shan Yizhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yizhou Shan, Yutong Huang, Yilun Chen, and Yiying Zhang. Legoos: A disseminated, distributed OS for hardware resource disaggregation. In Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau and Geoff Voelker, editors, 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2018, Carlsbad, CA, USA, October 8-10, 2018, pages 69--87. USENIX Association, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2829988.2787508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3050220.3063772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","first-page":"261","volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2020","author":"Wang Chenxi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chenxi Wang, Haoran Ma, Shi Liu, Yuanqi Li, Zhenyuan Ruan, Khanh Nguyen, Michael D. Bond, Ravi Netravali, Miryung Kim, and Guoqing Harry Xu. Semeru: A memory-disaggregated managed runtime. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2020, Virtual Event, November 4-6, 2020, pages 261--280. USENIX Association, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","first-page":"1033","volume-title":"SIGMOD '22: International Conference on Management of Data","author":"Wang Qing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qing Wang, Youyou Lu, and Jiwu Shu. Sherman: A write-optimized distributed b+tree index on disaggregated memory. In Zachary Ives, Angela Bonifati, and Amr El Abbadi, editors, SIGMOD '22: International Conference on Management of Data, Philadelphia, PA, USA, June 12 - 17, 2022, pages 1033--1048. ACM, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3405870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","first-page":"1195","volume-title":"19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22)","author":"Yu Liangcheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liangcheng Yu, John Sonchack, and Vincent Liu. OrbWeaver: Using IDLE cycles in programmable networks for opportunistic coordination. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22), pages 1195--1212, Renton, WA, April 2022. USENIX Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131365.3131375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR 2022)","author":"Zhang Qizhen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qizhen Zhang, Phil Bernstein, Daniel S. Berger, Badrish Chandramouli, Boon Thao Loo, and Vincent Liu. Compucache: Remote computable caching using spot vms. In Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR 2022), January 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3503585.3503587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3397230.3397249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","first-page":"1345","volume-title":"SIGMOD '22: International Conference on Management of Data","author":"Zhang Qizhen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qizhen Zhang, Xinyi Chen, Sidharth Sankhe, Zhilei Zheng, Ke Zhong, Sebastian Angel, Ang Chen, Vincent Liu, and Boon Thau Loo. Optimizing data-intensive systems in disaggregated data centers with TELEPORT. In Zachary Ives, Angela Bonifati, and Amr El Abbadi, editors, SIGMOD '22: International Conference on Management of Data, Philadelphia, PA, USA, June 12 - 17, 2022, pages 1345--1359. ACM, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3467861.3467877"}],"event":{"name":"ACM SIGCOMM '23: ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference","location":"New York NY USA","acronym":"ACM SIGCOMM '23","sponsor":["SIGCOMM ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3603269.3604833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3603269.3604833","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3603269.3604833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:46:42Z","timestamp":1750178802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3603269.3604833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3603269.3604833","10.1145\/3603269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3603269.3604833","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}