{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:25:35Z","timestamp":1776083135805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"MHCI","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["251654672-TRR 161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251654672-TRR 161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality experiences increasingly use physiological data for virtual environment adaptations to evaluate user experience and immersion. Previous research required complex medical-grade equipment to collect physiological data, limiting real-world applicability. To overcome this, we present SensCon for skin conductance and heart rate data acquisition. To identify the optimal sensor location in the controller, we conducted a first study investigating users' controller grasp behavior. In a second study, we evaluated the performance of SensCon against medical-grade devices in six scenarios regarding user experience and signal quality. Users subjectively preferred SensCon in terms of usability and user experience. Moreover, the signal quality evaluation showed satisfactory accuracy across static, dynamic, and cognitive scenarios. Therefore, SensCon reduces the complexity of capturing and adapting the environment via real-time physiological data. By open-sourcing SensCon, we enable researchers and practitioners to adapt their virtual reality environment effortlessly. Finally, we discuss possible use cases for virtual reality-embedded physiological sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3604270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T15:16:20Z","timestamp":1694618180000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["SensCon: Embedding Physiological Sensing into Virtual Reality Controllers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2987-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-9035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6494-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Menghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4881-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steeven","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5462-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445582"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967--3334"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2364"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445370"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01603.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469--8986.2009.00972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267242.3267268"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","first-page":"507","article-title":"Body pose estimation using self-tracked controllers","volume":"11","author":"Bosworth Andrew Garrod","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrew Garrod Bosworth. 2022. Body pose estimation using self-tracked controllers. US Patent 11,507,203.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Learning OpenCV: Computer vision with the OpenCV library","author":"Bradski Gary","unstructured":"Gary Bradski and Adrian Kaehler. 2008. Learning OpenCV: Computer vision with the OpenCV library. O'Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, California, United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749--6632.1998.tb09605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107415782"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies8040070"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967--3334"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Francesco Chiossi Thomas Kosch Luca Menghini Steeven Villa and Sven Mayer. 2023. SensCon: Embedding Physiological Sensing into Virtual Reality Controllers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/H9MJS","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585624"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604243"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6020055"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2022-0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102435"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2009.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264913"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3562939.3567818"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610011104"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3--319-07626--3_51"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469--8986.1981.tb03024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469--8986.2007.00596.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Understanding bland altman analysis. Biochemia medica 25, 2","author":"Giavarina Davide","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davide Giavarina. 2015. Understanding bland altman analysis. Biochemia medica 25, 2 (2015), 141--151. https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/139769"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113618"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Six human factors to acceptability of wearable computers","volume":"8","author":"Gimhae Gyeong-Nam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gyeong-Nam Gimhae. 2013. Six human factors to acceptability of wearable computers. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 8, 3 (2013), 103--114. http:\/\/www.sersc.org\/journals\/IJMUE\/vol8_no3_2013\/10.pdf","journal-title":"International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3229227.3229235"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359996.3364247"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnrgo.2021.643969"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542--474X.2011.00422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00349"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025669"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000313"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12520"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1809248"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2208.05206"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0463--4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2347504.2347533"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6070067"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2012.6180922"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470--1173.2019.2.ERVR-184"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3229093"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319499.3328230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582272"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13654"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469--8986.1993.tb03352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1378773.1378829"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892462"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1455307"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2019.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3--319-03005-0_54"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00089"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00068"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469--8986.1971.tb00501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01516-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539--200003000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185163"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566630"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13441"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nir Milstein and Ilanit Gordon. 2020. Validating measures of electrodermal activity and heart rate variability derived from the empatica e4 utilized in research settings that involve interactive dyadic states. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (2020) 148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00148","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00148"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242671.3242673"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12643"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513634"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247088"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1615827"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9040045"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","volume-title":"Human engineering design data digest","author":"Poston Alan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alan Poston. 2000. Human engineering design data digest. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Human Factors Engineering Technical Advisory Group (2000), 61--75."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComWorkshops48775.2020.9156258"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000651"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9993"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8091039"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.03.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300590"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900701781317"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2036164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041944849"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12305"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009--1089--3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581468"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2687926"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marieke van Dooren Joris H Janssen et al. 2012. Emotional sweating across the body: Comparing 16 different skin conductance measurement locations. Physiology & behavior 106 2 (2012) 298--304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.01.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2252"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0699--7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3-030--27928--8_104"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312880"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631512"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033--2909.120.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202008936"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9020071"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123021.3123042"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347869"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3604270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3604270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:47:17Z","timestamp":1750178837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3604270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"MHCI","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3604270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3604270","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}