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Computing paradigms like Edge\/Fog computing are able to provide the required flexibility and scalability while guaranteeing low latencies and response times. Orchestration systems play a key role in these environments, enforcing automatic management of resources and workloads\u2019 lifecycle, and drastically reducing the need for manual interventions. However, they do not currently meet industrial non-functional requirements, such as real-timeliness, determinism, reliability, and support for mixed-criticality workloads.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article, we present k4.0s, an orchestration system for Industry 4.0 (I4.0) environments, which enables the support for real-time and mixed-criticality workloads. We highlight through experiments the need for novel monitoring approaches and propose a workflow for selecting monitoring metrics, which depends on both workload requirements and hosting node guarantees. We introduce new abstractions for the components of a cluster in order to enable criticality-aware monitoring and orchestration of real-time industrial workloads. Finally, we design an orchestration system architecture that reflects the proposed model, introducing new components and prototyping a Kubernetes-based implementation, taking the first steps towards a fully I4.0-enabled orchestration system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3604567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]],"date-time":"2023-06-18T08:06:56Z","timestamp":1687075616000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Criticality-aware Monitoring and Orchestration for Containerized Industry 4.0 Environments"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Barletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1455-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Cinque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele Della","family":"Corte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-014-0334-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84996-119-6_15","article-title":"Factory of the future: A service-oriented system of modular, dynamic reconfigurable and collaborative systems","author":"Colombo A.-W.","year":"2010","unstructured":"A.-W. 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