{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:10:33Z","timestamp":1750219833783,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Distrib. Ledger Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Usability of distributed ledgers is crucial to their mainstream adoption, especially for enterprise applications in which most users do not wish to operate full-node infrastructure. Some attempts have been made to solve the problem of user-node interaction for blockchains in which leaders assemble users\u2019 transactions into blocks, but in the case of leaderless DAG-based ledgers such as IOTA, many of these solutions cannot be applied due to the absence of a shared mempool and the ability of nodes to issue blocks in parallel. In this work, we propose a user-node interaction mechanism for ledgers of this kind that is designed to balance user traffic across nodes and ensure the risk of a user experiencing a poor quality of service is low. Our mechanism involves users selecting nodes to issue their transactions to the ledger based on quality of service indicators advertised by the nodes. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3604942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:10:38Z","timestamp":1687954238000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving Quality of Service for Users of Leaderless DAG-Based Distributed Ledgers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-6433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Cullen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianna","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Vigneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IOTA Foundation, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Shorten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS49042.2020.9191430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin. 2014. A Next-generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/669c9e2e2027310b6b3cdce6e1c52962\/Ethereum_Whitepaper_-_Buterin_2014.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2005.843360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1145\/1161064.1161070","volume-title":"3rd International Workshop on Vehicular ad hoc Networks","author":"Caliskan Murat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murat Caliskan, Daniel Graupner, and Martin Mauve. 2006. Decentralized discovery of free parking places. In 3rd International Workshop on Vehicular ad hoc Networks. 30\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5316(01)00049-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/71.689446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35032-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","article-title":"Access control for distributed ledgers in the Internet of Things: A networking approach","author":"Cullen Andrew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrew Cullen, Pietro Ferraro, William Sanders, Luigi Vigneri, and Robert Shorten. 2021. Access control for distributed ledgers in the Internet of Things: A networking approach. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Andrew Cullen and Lianna Zhao. 2020. DLT Quality of Service Simulator. https:\/\/github.com\/cyberphysic4l\/ACM_DLT-user-experience."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.11.3.253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"Italian Conference on Cyber Security","author":"Angelis Stefano De","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stefano De Angelis, Leonardo Aniello, Roberto Baldoni, Federico Lombardi, Andrea Margheri, and Vladimiro Sassone. 2018. PBFT vs proof-of-authority: Applying the CAP theorem to permissioned blockchain. In Italian Conference on Cyber Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1986.6312961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2019.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.104929"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jpdc.1999.1577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lioba Heimbach and Roger Wattenhofer. 2022. SoK: Preventing Transaction Reordering Manipulations in Decentralized Finance. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2203.11520.pdf.","DOI":"10.1145\/3558535.3559784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/itj.2009.101.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maged N. Kamel Boulos James T. Wilson and Kevin A. Clauson. 2018. Geospatial Blockchain: Promises Challenges and Scenarios in Health and Healthcare. International Journal of Health Geographics 17 (2018) 10 Pages.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-018-0144-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsc.2148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.34.2.198.12304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Mills Kathy Wang Brendan Malone Anjana Ravi Jeff Marquardt Clinton Chen Anton Badev Timothy Brezinski Linda Fahy Kimberley Liao Vanessa Kargenian Max Ellithorpe Wendy Ng and Maria Baird. 2016. Distributed ledger technology in payments clearing and settlement. (2016). https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/econres\/feds\/distributed-ledger-technology-in-payments-clearing-and-settlement.htm.","DOI":"10.17016\/FEDS.2016.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3211422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"21260","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260.","journal-title":"Decentralized Business Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen Giang-Truong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giang-Truong Nguyen and Kyungbaek Kim. 2018. A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain. Journal of Information Processing Systems 14, 1 (2018), 101\u2013128.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svein \u00d8lnes Jolien Ubacht and Marijn Janssen. 2017. Blockchain in Government: Benefits and Implications of Distributed Ledger Technology for Information Sharing. Government Information Quarterl 34 3 (2017) 355\u2013364. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0740624X17303155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja. 2016. The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-chain Instant Payments. https:\/\/lightning.network\/lightning-network-paper.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"Serguei Popov. 2018. The Tangle. https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/r1dr6vzfxhev\/2t4uxvsIqk0EUau6g2sw0g\/45eae33637ca92f85dd9f4a3a218e1ec\/iota1_4_3.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.30866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","article-title":"Distributed ledger technology systems: A conceptual framework","author":"Rauchs Michel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michel Rauchs, Andrew Glidden, Brian Gordon, Gina C. Pieters, Martino Recanatini, Fran\u00e7ois Rostand, Kathryn Vagneur, and Bryan Zheng Zhang. 2018. Distributed ledger technology systems: A conceptual framework. Available at SSRN 3230013 (2018).","journal-title":"Available at SSRN 3230013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"Tim Roughgarden. 2020. Transaction Fee Mechanism Design for the Ethereum Blockchain: An Economic Analysis of EIP-1559. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2012.00854.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476436.3476445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2304356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLUS.0000018564.05723.a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","article-title":"Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology","author":"Seijas Pablo Lamela","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pablo Lamela Seijas, Simon Thompson, and Darryl McAdams. 2016. Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology. Cryptology ePrint Archive (2016).","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2006.876178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2004.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/217382.217453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","article-title":"Spectre: A fast and scalable cryptocurrency protocol","author":"Sompolinsky Yonatan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yonatan Sompolinsky, Yoad Lewenberg, and Aviv Zohar. 2016. Spectre: A fast and scalable cryptocurrency protocol. Cryptology ePrint Archive (2016).","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.45","volume-title":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201917)","author":"Syta Ewa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ewa Syta, Philipp Jovanovic, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Nicolas Gailly, Linus Gasser, Ismail Khoffi, Michael J. Fischer, and Bryan Ford. 2017. Scalable bias-resistant distributed randomness. In 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201917). IEEE, 444\u2013460."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8050366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-48340-1_14","volume-title":"Euro-Par 2019: Parallel Processing Workshops","author":"Zhang Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin Zhang, Brian Lee, Yuhang Ye, and Yuansong Qiao. 2020. Ethereum transaction performance evaluation using test-nets. In Euro-Par 2019: Parallel Processing Workshops, Ulrich Schwardmann, Christian Boehme, Dora B. Heras, Valeria Cardellini, Emmanuel Jeannot, Antonio Salis, Claudio Schifanella, Ravi Reddy Manumachu, Dieter Schwamborn, Laura Ricci, Oh Sangyoon, Thomas Gruber, Laura Antonelli, and Stephen L. Scott (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 179\u2013190."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","article-title":"Secure access control for DAG-based distributed ledgers","author":"Zhao Lianna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lianna Zhao, Luigi Vigneri, Andrew Cullen, William Sanders, Pietro Ferraro, and Robert Shorten. 2021. Secure access control for DAG-based distributed ledgers. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyi Zhou Xihan Xiong Jens Ernstberger Stefanos Chaliasos Zhipeng Wang Ye Wang Kaihua Qin Roger Wattenhofer Dawn Song and Arthur Gervais. 2022. SoK: Decentralized finance (DeFi) attacks. (2022). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2208.13035.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC46108.2020.9045640"}],"container-title":["Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3604942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3604942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:46:37Z","timestamp":1750178797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3604942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3604942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3604942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-6472","2769-6480"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2769-6472"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2769-6480"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}