{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T02:18:10Z","timestamp":1775096290601,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":59,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONTINUUM project ANR-21-ESRE-0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONTINUUM project ANR-21-ESRE-0030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Bretagne","award":["SAD-2019-REACTIVE, No 19023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAD-2019-REACTIVE, No 19023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020 ICT-25 RIA PRESENT project, No 856879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 ICT-25 RIA PRESENT project, No 856879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3605495.3605796","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T16:14:34Z","timestamp":1689869674000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Stare-in-the-Crowd Effect When Navigating a Crowd in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Raimbaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Centrale Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, UCBL, Univ Lyon 2, LIRIS, UMR5205, ENISE, France and Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3880-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Jovane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Zibrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8006-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Pacchierotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Univ Rennes, Inria, IRISA, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, Inria, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7373-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovic","family":"Hoyet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1812-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Pettr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISA, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2833-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, M2S, France"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01000006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Gaze and mutual gaze","author":"Argyle Michael","unstructured":"Michael Argyle and Mark Cook. 1976. Gaze and mutual gaze.Cambridge U Press, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601753272844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Personality and social psychology bulletin 29, 7","author":"Bailenson N","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jeremy\u00a0N Bailenson, Jim Blascovich, Andrew\u00a0C Beall, and Jack\u00a0M Loomis. 2003. Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Personality and social psychology bulletin 29, 7 (2003), 819\u2013833."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502760379118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3041341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20\u201479 years: reference values and determinants. Age and ageing 26, 1","author":"Bohannon W","year":"1997","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0W Bohannon. 1997. Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20\u201479 years: reference values and determinants. Age and ageing 26, 1 (1997), 15\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00254.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Comparison of pedestrian fundamental diagram across cultures. Advances in complex systems 12, 03","author":"Chattaraj Ujjal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ujjal Chattaraj, Armin Seyfried, and Partha Chakroborty. 2009. Comparison of pedestrian fundamental diagram across cultures. Advances in complex systems 12, 03 (2009), 393\u2013405."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"A cognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment 1, 1","author":"Clark M","year":"1995","unstructured":"David\u00a0M Clark. 1995. A cognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment 1, 1 (1995), 69\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","first-page":"782","article-title":"Gazing Without Eyes: A \u201cStare-in-the-Crowd","volume":"49","author":"Colombatto Clara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clara Colombatto, Benjamin van Buren, and Brian\u00a0J Scholl. 2020. Gazing Without Eyes: A \u201cStare-in-the-Crowd\u201d Effect Induced by Simple Geometric Shapes. Perception 49, 7 (2020), 782\u2013792.","journal-title":"Effect Induced by Simple Geometric Shapes. Perception"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.6.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03334122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Measuring the stare-in-the-crowd effect: a new paradigm to study social perception. Behavior research methods 47, 4","author":"Crehan T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eileen\u00a0T Crehan and Robert\u00a0R Althoff. 2015. Measuring the stare-in-the-crowd effect: a new paradigm to study social perception. Behavior research methods 47, 4 (2015), 994\u20131003."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3462244.3479962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(80)90014-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work. Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Gergle Darren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Darren Gergle and Alan\u00a0T Clark. 2011. See what I\u2019m saying? Using dyadic mobile eye tracking to study collaborative reference. In Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 435\u2013444."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"The rocketbox library and the utility of freely available rigged avatars. Frontiers in virtual reality 1, 561558","author":"Gonzalez-Franco Mar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mar Gonzalez-Franco, Eyal Ofek, Ye Pan, Angus Antley, Anthony Steed, Bernhard Spanlang, Antonella Maselli, Domna Banakou, N\u00faria Pelechano\u00a0G\u00f3mez, Sergio Orts-Escolano, 2020. The rocketbox library and the utility of freely available rigged avatars. Frontiers in virtual reality 1, 561558 (2020), 1\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"The hidden dimension. Vol.\u00a0609","author":"Hall T","unstructured":"Edmund\u00a0T Hall and Edward\u00a0T Hall. 1966. The hidden dimension. Vol.\u00a0609. Anchor, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"New handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research","author":"Harrigan Jinni","unstructured":"Jinni Harrigan, Robert Rosenthal, Klaus\u00a0R Scherer, and Klaus Scherer. 2008. New handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-022-02541-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.062917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01952-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00180-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"SCSM 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19\u201324, 2020, Proceedings, Part I 22","author":"Ijuin Koki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koki Ijuin and Kristiina Jokinen. 2020. Exploring gaze behaviour and perceived personality traits. In Social Computing and Social Media. Design, Ethics, User Behavior, and Social Network Analysis: 12th International Conference, SCSM 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19\u201324, 2020, Proceedings, Part I 22. Springer, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 504\u2013512."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health 13, 1","author":"Kahlon Smiti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smiti Kahlon, Philip Lindner, and Tine Nordgreen. 2019. Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health 13, 1 (2019), 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Human factors 53, 4","author":"Keshavarz Behrang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Behrang Keshavarz and Heiko Hecht. 2011. Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Human factors 53, 4 (2011), 415\u2013426."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Affective and emotional responses as a function of other person\u2019s gaze and cooperativeness in a two-person game.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17, 3","author":"Kleinke L","year":"1971","unstructured":"Chris\u00a0L Kleinke and Paul\u00a0D Pohlen. 1971. Affective and emotional responses as a function of other person\u2019s gaze and cooperativeness in a two-person game.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17, 3 (1971), 308."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Social phobia.Modern problems of pharmacopsychiatry 22","author":"Liebowitz R","year":"1987","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0R Liebowitz. 1987. Social phobia.Modern problems of pharmacopsychiatry 22 (1987), 141\u2013173."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(03)00151-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Guided by gaze: Prioritization strategy when navigating through a virtual crowd can be assessed through gaze activity. Acta psychologica 190","author":"Meerhoff Laurentius\u00a0Antonius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laurentius\u00a0Antonius Meerhoff, Julien Bruneau, Alexandre Vu, A-H Olivier, and Julien Pettr\u00e9. 2018. Guided by gaze: Prioritization strategy when navigating through a virtual crowd can be assessed through gaze activity. Acta psychologica 190 (2018), 248\u2013257."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8798043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"I\u2019ll walk this way: Eyes reveal the direction of locomotion and make passersby look and go the other way. Psychological science 20, 12","author":"Nummenmaa Lauri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lauri Nummenmaa, Jukka Hy\u00f6n\u00e4, and Jari\u00a0K Hietanen. 2009. I\u2019ll walk this way: Eyes reveal the direction of locomotion and make passersby look and go the other way. Psychological science 20, 12 (2009), 1454\u20131458."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Collision avoidance between two walkers: Role-dependent strategies. Gait & posture 38, 4","author":"Olivier Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Olivier, Antoine Marin, Armel Cr\u00e9tual, Alain Berthoz, and Julien Pettr\u00e9. 2013. Collision avoidance between two walkers: Role-dependent strategies. Gait & posture 38, 4 (2013), 751\u2013756."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.2.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2023.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11550617_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"The Stare-in-the-Crowd Effect in Virtual Reality. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, IEEExplore, NY, USA, 281\u2013290","author":"Raimbaud Pierre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pierre Raimbaud, Alberto Jovane, Katja Zibrek, Claudio Pacchierotti, Marc Christie, Ludovic Hoyet, Julien Pettre, and Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Olivier. 2022. The Stare-in-the-Crowd Effect in Virtual Reality. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, IEEExplore, NY, USA, 281\u2013290."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"You don\u2019t like me, do you? Enhanced ERP responses to averted eye gaze in social anxiety. Biological psychology 91, 2","author":"Schmitz Julian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Julian Schmitz, Corinna\u00a0N Scheel, Alessandro Rigon, James\u00a0J Gross, and Jens Blechert. 2012. You don\u2019t like me, do you? Enhanced ERP responses to averted eye gaze in social anxiety. Biological psychology 91, 2 (2012), 263\u2013269."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.773881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence and 22nd Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments","author":"Varma Kamala","unstructured":"Kamala Varma, Stephen\u00a0J Guy, and Victoria Interrante. 2017. Assessing the relevance of eye gaze patterns during collision avoidance in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence and 22nd Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments. The Eurographics Association, Groene Loper 3, 5612AE Eindhoven, Netherlands, 149\u2013152."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p241297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Eye movement responses to a horizontally moving visual stimulus. AMA archives of ophthalmology 52, 6","author":"Westheimer Gerald","year":"1954","unstructured":"Gerald Westheimer. 1954. Eye movement responses to a horizontally moving visual stimulus. AMA archives of ophthalmology 52, 6 (1954), 932\u2013941."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419985"}],"event":{"name":"SAP '23: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2023","location":"Los Angeles CA USA","acronym":"SAP '23","sponsor":["SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"]},"container-title":["ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2023"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3605495.3605796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3605495.3605796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:49:03Z","timestamp":1750182543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3605495.3605796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3605495.3605796","10.1145\/3605495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3605495.3605796","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}