{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:22:36Z","timestamp":1776082956985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Office of Naval Research and Young Investigator","award":["N00014-21-1-2418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-21-1-2418"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FA9550-20-1-0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["IIS-2024878, and IIS-2145642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-2024878, and IIS-2145642"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents both a critical design challenge and a remarkable opportunity for the field of Human\u2013Robot Interaction (HRI). While the direct deployment of LLMs on interactive robots may be unsuitable for reasons of ethics, safety, and control, LLMs might nevertheless provide a promising baseline technique for many elements of HRI. Specifically, in this article, we argue for the use of LLMs as<jats:italic>Scarecrows<\/jats:italic>: \u201cbrainless,\u201d straw-man black-box modules integrated into robot architectures for the purpose of quickly enabling full-pipeline solutions, much like the use of \u201cWizard of Oz\u201d (WoZ) and other human-in-the-loop approaches. We explicitly acknowledge that these Scarecrows, rather than providing a satisfying or scientifically complete solution, incorporate a form of the wisdom of the crowd and, in at least some cases, will ultimately need to be replaced or supplemented by a robust and theoretically motivated solution. We provide examples of how Scarecrows could be used in language-capable robot architectures as useful placeholders and suggest initial reporting guidelines for authors, mirroring existing guidelines for the use and reporting of WoZ techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3606261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T10:16:56Z","timestamp":1706609816000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Scarecrows in Oz: The Use of Large Language Models in HRI"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7921-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado School of Mines, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Matuszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5664-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semio, Inc., USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0531-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Depalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plus One Robotics, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.gebnlp-1.4","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing","author":"Abercrombie Gavin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gavin Abercrombie, Amanda Cercas Curry, Mugdha Pandya, and Verena Rieser. 2021. Alexa, Google, siri: What are your pronouns? Gender and anthropomorphism in the design and perception of conversational assistants. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing. 24\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314272","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","author":"Addison Arifah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arifah Addison, Christoph Bartneck, and Kumar Yogeeswaran. 2019. Robots can be more than black and white: Examining racial bias towards robots. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. 493\u2013498."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Daniel Adiwardana Minh-Thang Luong David R. So Jamie Hall Noah Fiedel Romal Thoppilan Zi Yang Apoorv Kulshreshtha Gaurav Nemade Yifeng Lu et\u00a0al. 2020. Towards a human-like open-domain chatbot. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.09977 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"arXiv:2204.01691","author":"Ahn Michael","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michael Ahn, Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Yevgen Chebotar, Omar Cortes, Byron David, Chelsea Finn, Chuyuan Fu, Keerthana Gopalakrishnan, Karol Hausman, Alex Herzog, Daniel Ho, Jasmine Hsu, Julian Ibarz, Brian Ichter, Alex Irpan, Eric Jang, Rosario Jauregui Ruano, Kyle Jeffrey, Sally Jesmonth, Nikhil Joshi, Ryan Julian, Dmitry Kalashnikov, Yuheng Kuang, Kuang-Huei Lee, Sergey Levine, Yao Lu, Linda Luu, Carolina Parada, Peter Pastor, Jornell Quiambao, Kanishka Rao, Jarek Rettinghouse, Diego Reyes, Pierre Sermanet, Nicolas Sievers, Clayton Tan, Alexander Toshev, Vincent Vanhoucke, Fei Xia, Ted Xiao, Peng Xu, Sichun Xu, Mengyuan Yan, and Andy Zeng. 2022. Do As I can and not as I say: Grounding language in robotic affordances. In Conference on Robot Learning. PMLR, 287\u2013318. arXiv:2204.01691. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.01691."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0082-7","article-title":"The benefits of interactions with physically present robots over video-displayed agents","author":"Bainbridge Wilma A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilma A. Bainbridge, Justin W. Hart, Elizabeth S. Kim, and Brian Scassellati. 2011. The benefits of interactions with physically present robots over video-displayed agents. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 3, 3 (2011), 41\u201352.","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00692-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","author":"Barfield Jessica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jessica Barfield. 2023. Designing social robots to accommodate diversity, equity, and inclusion in human-robot interaction. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval. 463\u2013466."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-robot Interaction","author":"Bartneck Christoph","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christoph Bartneck, Kumar Yogeeswaran, Qi Min Ser, Graeme Woodward, Robert Sparrow, Siheng Wang, and Friederike Eyssel. 2018. Robots and racism. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-robot Interaction. 196\u2013204."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz","author":"Baum L. Frank","year":"1900","unstructured":"L. Frank Baum. 1900. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. George M. Hill Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"1229","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","author":"Berlin Matt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matt Berlin, Cynthia Breazeal, and Crystal Chao. 2008. Spatial scaffolding cues for interactive robot learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 1229\u20131235."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"708","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","author":"Breazeal Cynthia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cynthia Breazeal, Cory D. Kidd, Andrea Lockerd Thomaz, Guy Hoffman, and Matt Berlin. 2005. Effects of nonverbal communication on efficiency and robustness in human-robot teamwork. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 708\u2013713."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1228716.1228752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201922)","author":"Briggs Gordon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gordon Briggs, Meia Chita-Tegmark, Evan Krause, Will Bridewell, Paul Bello, and Matthias Scheutz. 2022. A novel architectural method for producing dynamic gaze behavior in human-robot interactions. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201922). IEEE, 383\u2013392."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201912)","author":"Cantrell Rehj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rehj Cantrell, Kartik Talamadupula, Paul Schermerhorn, J. Benton, Subbarao Kambhampati, and Matthias Scheutz. (2012). Tell me when and why to do it! In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201912). 471."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00415-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"ACL 2023 Program Chairs. 2023. ACL 2023 Policy on AI Writing Assistance. Retrieved from https:\/\/2023.aclweb.org\/blog\/ACL-2023-policy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"ICML 2023 Program Chairs. 2023. Clarification on Large Language Model Policy LLM. Retrieved from https:\/\/icml.cc\/Conferences\/2023\/llm-policy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameet Deshpande Vishvak Murahari Tanmay Rajpurohit Ashwin Kalyan and Karthik Narasimhan. 2023. Toxicity in ChatGPT: Analyzing persona-assigned language models. arxiv:2304.05335 [cs.CL]. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.05335.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Danny Driess Fei Xia Mehdi SM Sajjadi Corey Lynch Aakanksha Chowdhery Brian Ichter Ayzaan Wahid Jonathan Tompson Quan Vuong Tianhe Yu et\u00a0al. 2023. Palm-e: An embodied multimodal language model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.03378 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d","article-title":"On the morality of artificial agents","author":"Floridi Luciano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luciano Floridi and Jeff W. Sanders. 2004. On the morality of artificial agents. Minds Mach. 14, 3 (2004), 349\u2013379.","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt7t4wr","volume-title":"On Bullshit","author":"Frankfurt Harry G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harry G. Frankfurt. 2009. On bullshit. In On Bullshit. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: (EMNLP\u201920","author":"Gehman Samuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samuel Gehman, Suchin Gururangan, Maarten Sap, Yejin Choi, and Noah A. Smith. 2020. RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating neural toxic degeneration in language models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: (EMNLP\u201920). Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.findings-emnlp.301."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","article-title":"The stickle-brick approach to big AI","author":"Gent Edd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edd Gent. 2023. The stickle-brick approach to big AI. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved from https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/large-language-models.","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"9118","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Huang Wenlong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenlong Huang, Pieter Abbeel, Deepak Pathak, and Igor Mordatch. 2022. Language models as zero-shot planners: Extracting actionable knowledge for embodied agents. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 9118\u20139147."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3378680.3378739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.687726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"1555","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work","author":"Jung Malte F.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malte F. Jung, Jin Joo Lee, Nick DePalma, Sigurdur O. Adalgeirsson, Pamela J. Hinds, and Cynthia Breazeal. 2013. Engaging robots: Easing complex human-robot teamwork using backchanneling. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 1555\u20131566."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00799-1","article-title":"Pay them no mind: The influence of implicit and explicit robot mind perception on the right to be protected","author":"Keijsers Merel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merel Keijsers, Christoph Bartneck, and Friederike Eyssel. 2022. Pay them no mind: The influence of implicit and explicit robot mind perception on the right to be protected. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 14, 2 (2022), 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357417.357420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3378680.3378736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacky Liang Wenlong Huang Fei Xia Peng Xu Karol Hausman Brian Ichter Pete Florence and Andy Zeng. 2022. Code as policies: Language model programs for embodied control. In Workshop on Language and Robotics at CoRL 2022.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48891.2023.10160591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201922)","author":"Madaan Aman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aman Madaan, Shuyan Zhou, Uri Alon, Yiming Yang, and Graham Neubig. 2022. Language models of code are few-shot commonsense learners. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201922). Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","article-title":"Trust and the discrepancy between expectations and actual capabilities","author":"Malle Bertram F.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertram F. Malle, K. Fischer, J. Young, A. Moon, and E. Collins. 2020. Trust and the discrepancy between expectations and actual capabilities. In Human-Robot Interaction: Control, Analysis, and Design, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 1\u201323.","journal-title":"Human-Robot Interaction: Control, Analysis, and Design"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-016-9572-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA\u201923)","author":"Mees Oier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oier Mees, Jessica Borja-Diaz, and Wolfram Burgard. 2023. Grounding language with visual affordances over unstructured data. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA\u201923). London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"634","volume-title":"Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Mott Terran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Terran Mott and Tom Williams. 2023. Rube-goldberg machines, transparent technology, and the morally competent robot. In Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 634\u2013638."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957786"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070719.2070725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Oosterveld Bradley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bradley Oosterveld, Luca Brusatin, and Matthias Scheutz. 2017. Two bots, one brain: Component sharing in cognitive robotic architectures. In Proceedings of the Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 415\u2013415."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA\u201923)","author":"Pan Jiayi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiayi Pan, Glen Chou, and Dmitry Berenson. 2023. Data-efficient learning of natural language to linear temporal logic translators for robot task specification. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA\u201923)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Perugia Giulia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giulia Perugia, Stefano Guidi, Margherita Bicchi, and Oronzo Parlangeli. 2022. The shape of our bias: Perceived age and gender in the humanoid robots of the ABOT database. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 110\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Ehud Reiter. 2019. Generated Texts Must Be Accurate! Retrieved February 2 2023 from https:\/\/ehudreiter.com\/2019\/09\/26\/generated-texts-must-be-accurate\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Toran Bruce Richards. 2023. Auto-GPT. https:\/\/github.com\/Significant-Gravitas\/Auto-GPT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.1.1.Riek"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","unstructured":"Anna Rogers Niranjan Balasubramanian Leon Derczynski Jesse Dodge Alexander Koller Sasha Luccioni Maarten Sap Roy Schwartz Noah A. Smith and Emma Strubell. 2023. Closed AI Models Make Bad Baselines. Retrieved from https:\/\/hackingsemantics.xyz\/2023\/closed-baselines\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics","author":"Scheutz Matthias","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matthias Scheutz. 2011. The inherent dangers of unidirectional emotional bonds between humans and social robots. In Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Robotic Systems","author":"Scheutz Matthias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matthias Scheutz, Gordon Briggs, Rehj Cantrell, Evan Krause, Tom Williams, and Richard Veale. 2013. Novel mechanisms for natural human-robot interactions in the DIARC architecture. In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Robotic Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121241.1121281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97550-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Yongliang Shen Kaitao Song Xu Tan Dongsheng Li Weiming Lu and Yueting Zhuang. 2023. Hugginggpt: Solving ai tasks with chatgpt and its friends in huggingface. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.17580 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"730","volume-title":"Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Silva Rafael Sousa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rafael Sousa Silva and Tom Williams. 2023. Enabling human-like language-capable robots through working memory modeling. In Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 730\u2013732."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444395037.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sai Vemprala Rogerio Bonatti Arthur Bucker and Ashish Kapoor. 2023. Chatgpt for robotics: Design principles and model abilities. Technical Report. Microsoft Auton. Syst. Robot. Res.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3387941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201922)","author":"Wen Ruchen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruchen Wen, Zhao Han, and Tom Williams. 2022. Teacher, teammate, subordinate, friend: Generating norm violation responses grounded in role-based relational norms. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201922). IEEE, 353\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201916)","author":"Williams Tom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tom Williams, Saurav Acharya, Stephanie Schreitter, and Matthias Scheutz. 2016. Situated open world reference resolution for human-robot dialogue. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI\u201916). IEEE, 311\u2013318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Williams Tom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tom Williams, Daria Thames, Julia Novakoff, and Matthias Scheutz. 2018. \u201cThank you for sharing that interesting fact!\u201d effects of capability and context on indirect speech act use in task-based human-robot dialogue. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 298\u2013306."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Williams Tom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tom Williams, Qin Zhu, Ruchen Wen, and Ewart J de Visser. 2020. The confucian matador: Three defenses against the mechanical bull. In Companion of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 25\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519729"},{"issue":"58","key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","article-title":"Danger! This robot may be trying to manipulate you","volume":"6","author":"Young James","year":"2021","unstructured":"James Young. 2021. Danger! This robot may be trying to manipulate you. Sci. Robot. 6, 58 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowen Zhang and Harold Soh. 2023. Large language models as zero-shot human models for human-robot interaction. arXiv:2303.03548 [cs.RO].","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS55552.2023.10341488"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3606261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3606261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:47:07Z","timestamp":1750178827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3606261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3606261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3606261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-9522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-9522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}