{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]],"date-time":"2025-07-20T04:01:06Z","timestamp":1752984066567,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Resource disaggregation is an approach to separate different hardware resources into independent pools in a data center, so that these pools can be easily managed and their resources can be allocated in a tight but unbounded way. The past decade has seen research and practices in realizing the resource-disaggregation idea on regular servers.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We advocate for a physically disaggregated data center, where disaggregated resource pools consist of hardware devices, not servers. Physical disaggregation could unlock another level of benefits in resource disaggregation, including further improved cost saving, easier maintenance and scaling, and more customization. This paper presents our efforts in building an end-to-end physically disaggregated data center, including the design and implementation of disaggregated hardware devices, networking systems for connecting these devices, operating systems for orchestrating them, and porting of traditional and cloud-computing applications to this physically disaggregated platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3606557.3606559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T16:25:16Z","timestamp":1687969516000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Make It Real: An End-to-End Implementation of A Physically Disaggregated Data Center"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/netfpga.org\/.  https:\/\/netfpga.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Intel Tofino Series Programmable Ethernet Switch. https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/ products\/network-io\/programmable-ethernet-switch\/ tofino-series.html.  Intel Tofino Series Programmable Ethernet Switch. https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/ products\/network-io\/programmable-ethernet-switch\/ tofino-series.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"SmartNIC Overview - Netronome. https:\/\/www. netronome.com\/products\/smartnic\/overview\/.  SmartNIC Overview - Netronome. https:\/\/www. netronome.com\/products\/smartnic\/overview\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Acton. The New World of 400 Gbps Ethernet. https:\/\/www.accton.com\/Technology-Brief\/ the-new-world-of-400-gbps-ethernet\/.  Acton. The New World of 400 Gbps Ethernet. https:\/\/www.accton.com\/Technology-Brief\/ the-new-world-of-400-gbps-ethernet\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Alibaba. Alibaba Production Cluster Trace Data. https: \/\/github.com\/alibaba\/clusterdata.  Alibaba. Alibaba Production Cluster Trace Data. https: \/\/github.com\/alibaba\/clusterdata."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys '20)","author":"Amaro Emmanuel","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Emmanuel Amaro , Christopher Branner-Augmon , Zhihong Luo , Amy Ousterhout , Marcos K. Aguilera , Aurojit Panda , Sylvia Ratnasamy , and Scott Shenker . Can far memory improve job throughput? In Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys '20) . Emmanuel Amaro, Christopher Branner-Augmon, Zhihong Luo, Amy Ousterhout, Marcos K. Aguilera, Aurojit Panda, Sylvia Ratnasamy, and Scott Shenker. Can far memory improve job throughput? In Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys '20)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Bruce Shepherd. Tight Bounds for Online Vector Bin Packing. In Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '13)","author":"Azar Yossi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yossi Azar , Ilan Reuven Cohen , Seny Kamara , and Bruce Shepherd. Tight Bounds for Online Vector Bin Packing. In Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '13) , Palo Alto, California, USA , 2013 . Yossi Azar, Ilan Reuven Cohen, Seny Kamara, and Bruce Shepherd. Tight Bounds for Online Vector Bin Packing. In Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '13), Palo Alto, California, USA, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477132.3483587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irina Calciu M. Talha Imran Ivan Puddu Sanidhya Kashyap Hasan Al Maruf Onur Mutlu and Aasheesh Kolli. Rethinking Software Runtimes for Disaggregated Memory. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '21) Virtual USA 2021.  Irina Calciu M. Talha Imran Ivan Puddu Sanidhya Kashyap Hasan Al Maruf Onur Mutlu and Aasheesh Kolli. Rethinking Software Runtimes for Disaggregated Memory. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '21) Virtual USA 2021.","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"2016 49th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO '16)","author":"Caulfield A. M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. M. Caulfield , E. S. Chung , A. Putnam , H. Angepat , J. Fowers , M. Haselman , S. Heil , M. Humphrey , P. Kaur , J. Kim , D. Lo , T. Massengill , K. Ovtcharov , M. Papamichael , L. Woods , S. Lanka , D. Chiou , and D. Burger . A cloud-scale acceleration architecture . In 2016 49th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO '16) , Taipei, Taiwan , December 2016 . A. M. Caulfield, E. S. Chung, A. Putnam, H. Angepat, J. Fowers, M. Haselman, S. Heil, M. Humphrey, P. Kaur, J. Kim, D. Lo, T. Massengill, K. Ovtcharov, M. Papamichael, L.Woods, S. Lanka, D. Chiou, and D. Burger. A cloud-scale acceleration architecture. In 2016 49th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO '16), Taipei, Taiwan, December 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sean Choi Muhammad Shahbaz Balaji Prabhakar and Mendel Rosenblum. ?-NIC: Interactive Serverless Compute on Programmable SmartNICs. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/ 1909.11958 2019.  Sean Choi Muhammad Shahbaz Balaji Prabhakar and Mendel Rosenblum. ?-NIC: Interactive Serverless Compute on Programmable SmartNICs. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/ 1909.11958 2019.","DOI":"10.1145\/3342280.3342341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787492"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"CXL Consortium. https:\/\/www.computeexpresslink. org\/.  CXL Consortium. https:\/\/www.computeexpresslink. org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Miguel Castro. FaRM: Fast Remote Memory. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '14)","author":"Dragojevi\u00b4c Aleksandar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aleksandar Dragojevi\u00b4c , Dushyanth Narayanan , Orion Hodson , and Miguel Castro. FaRM: Fast Remote Memory. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '14) , Seattle, WA, USA , April 2014 . Aleksandar Dragojevi\u00b4c, Dushyanth Narayanan, Orion Hodson, and Miguel Castro. FaRM: Fast Remote Memory. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '14), Seattle, WA, USA, April 2014."},{"volume-title":"Somesh Chaturmohta, Matt Humphrey, Jack Lavier","author":"Firestone Daniel","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Daniel Firestone , Andrew Putnam , Sambhrama Mundkur , Derek Chiou , Alireza Dabagh , Mike Andrewartha , Hari Angepat , Vivek Bhanu , Adrian Caulfield , Eric Chung , Harish Kumar Chandrappa , Somesh Chaturmohta, Matt Humphrey, Jack Lavier , Norman Lam , Fengfen Liu, Kalin Ovtcharov, Jitu Padhye, Gautham Popuri, Shachar Raindel, Tejas Sapre, Mark Shaw, Gabriel Silva, Madhan Sivakumar, Nisheeth Srivastava, Anshuman Verma, Qasim Zuhair, Deepak Bansal, Doug Burger, Kushagra Vaid, David A. Maltz, and Albert Greenberg. Azure accelerated networking: Smartnics in the public Daniel Firestone, Andrew Putnam, Sambhrama Mundkur, Derek Chiou, Alireza Dabagh, Mike Andrewartha, Hari Angepat, Vivek Bhanu, Adrian Caulfield, Eric Chung, Harish Kumar Chandrappa, Somesh Chaturmohta, Matt Humphrey, Jack Lavier, Norman Lam, Fengfen Liu, Kalin Ovtcharov, Jitu Padhye, Gautham Popuri, Shachar Raindel, Tejas Sapre, Mark Shaw, Gabriel Silva, Madhan Sivakumar, Nisheeth Srivastava, Anshuman Verma, Qasim Zuhair, Deepak Bansal, Doug Burger, Kushagra Vaid, David A. Maltz, and Albert Greenberg. Azure accelerated networking: Smartnics in the public"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Low-Latency Fabric for Datacenter Networks. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '22)","author":"Gibson Dan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dan Gibson , Hema Hariharan , Eric Lance , Moray McLaren , Behnam Montazeri , Arjun Singh , Stephen Wang , Hassan M. G. Wassel , Zhehua Wu , Sunghwan Yoo , Raghuraman Balasubramanian , Prashant Chandra , Michael Cutforth , Peter Cuy , David Decotigny , Rakesh Gautam , Alex Iriza , Milo M. K. Martin , Rick Roy , Zuowei Shen , Ming Tan , Ye Tang , Monica Wong-Chan , Joe Zbiciak , and Amin Vahdat . Aquila : A Unified , Low-Latency Fabric for Datacenter Networks. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '22) , Renton, WA , April 2022 . Dan Gibson, Hema Hariharan, Eric Lance, Moray McLaren, Behnam Montazeri, Arjun Singh, Stephen Wang, Hassan M. G. Wassel, Zhehua Wu, Sunghwan Yoo, Raghuraman Balasubramanian, Prashant Chandra, Michael Cutforth, Peter Cuy, David Decotigny, Rakesh Gautam, Alex Iriza, Milo M. K. Martin, Rick Roy, Zuowei Shen, Ming Tan, Ye Tang, Monica Wong-Chan, Joe Zbiciak, and Amin Vahdat. Aquila: A Unified, Low-Latency Fabric for Datacenter Networks. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '22), Renton, WA, April 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Google. Google Production Cluster Trace Data. https: \/\/github.com\/google\/cluster-data.  Google. Google Production Cluster Trace Data. https: \/\/github.com\/google\/cluster-data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740070.2626334"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Kang Shin. Efficient Memory Disaggregation with Infiniswap. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '17)","author":"Gu Juncheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Juncheng Gu , Youngmoon Lee , Yiwen Zhang , Mosharaf Chowdhury , and Kang Shin. Efficient Memory Disaggregation with Infiniswap. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '17) , Boston, MA, USA , April 2017 . Juncheng Gu, Youngmoon Lee, Yiwen Zhang, Mosharaf Chowdhury, and Kang Shin. Efficient Memory Disaggregation with Infiniswap. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '17), Boston, MA, USA, April 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3326285.3329074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Decomposing and Executing Serverless Applications as Resource Graphs","author":"Guo Zhiyuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhiyuan Guo , Zachary Blanco , Mohammad Shahrad , Zerui Wei , Bili Dong , Jinmou Li , Ishaan Pota , Harry Xu , and Yiying Zhang . Decomposing and Executing Serverless Applications as Resource Graphs , 2022 . arXiv:2206.13444. Zhiyuan Guo, Zachary Blanco, Mohammad Shahrad, Zerui Wei, Bili Dong, Jinmou Li, Ishaan Pota, Harry Xu, and Yiying Zhang. Decomposing and Executing Serverless Applications as Resource Graphs, 2022. arXiv:2206.13444."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Zhiyuan Guo Zijian He and Yiying Zhang. Co- Optimizing Compilers and Execution Systems for Far Memory. under submission.  Zhiyuan Guo Zijian He and Yiying Zhang. Co- Optimizing Compilers and Execution Systems for Far Memory. under submission."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503222.3507762"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Intel. Intel Infrastructure Processing Unit (Intel \u00ae IPU). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/ products\/details\/network-io\/ipu.htm.  Intel. Intel Infrastructure Processing Unit (Intel \u00ae IPU). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/ products\/details\/network-io\/ipu.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18)","author":"Katsikas Georgios P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Georgios P. Katsikas , Tom Barbette , Dejan Kosti\u00b4c , Rebecca Steinert , and Gerald Q . Maguire Jr. Metron: NFV service chains at the true speed of the underlying hardware . In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18) , 2018 . Georgios P. Katsikas, Tom Barbette, Dejan Kosti\u00b4c, Rebecca Steinert, and Gerald Q. Maguire Jr. Metron: NFV service chains at the true speed of the underlying hardware. In 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 18), 2018."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '16)","author":"Kaufmann Antoine","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Antoine Kaufmann , S Imon Peter , Naveen Kr. Sharma , Thomas Anderson , and Arvind Krishnamurthy . High performance packet processing with flexnic . In Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '16) . Antoine Kaufmann, SImon Peter, Naveen Kr. Sharma, Thomas Anderson, and Arvind Krishnamurthy. High performance packet processing with flexnic. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '16)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3578835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Li Jialin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jialin Li , Jacob Nelson , Ellis Michael , Xin Jin , and Dan R. K. Ports . Pegasus: Tolerating skewed workloads in distributed storage with in-network coherence directories . In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20) , 2020 . Jialin Li, Jacob Nelson, Ellis Michael, Xin Jin, and Dan R. K. Ports. Pegasus: Tolerating skewed workloads in distributed storage with in-network coherence directories. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20), 2020."},{"volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20)","author":"Lin Jiaxin","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Jiaxin Lin , Kiran Patel , Brent E. Stephens , Anirudh Sivaraman , and Aditya Akella . PANIC : A highperformance programmable NIC for multi-tenant networks . In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20) . Jiaxin Lin, Kiran Patel, Brent E. Stephens, Anirudh Sivaraman, and Aditya Akella. PANIC: A highperformance programmable NIC for multi-tenant networks. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Usenix ATC","author":"Liu Ming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ming Liu , Simon Peter , Arvind Krishnamurthy , and Mangpo Phothilimthana . E3 : Energy-Efficient Microservices on SmartNIC-Accelerated Servers . In Proceedings of Usenix ATC , 2019 . Ming Liu, Simon Peter, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Mangpo Phothilimthana. E3: Energy-Efficient Microservices on SmartNIC-Accelerated Servers. In Proceedings of Usenix ATC, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14)","author":"Martins Joao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joao Martins , Mohamed Ahmed , Costin Raiciu , Vladimir Olteanu , Michio Honda , Roberto Bifulco , and Felipe Huici . Clickos and the art of network function virtualization . In 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14) , 2014 . Joao Martins, Mohamed Ahmed, Costin Raiciu, Vladimir Olteanu, Michio Honda, Roberto Bifulco, and Felipe Huici. Clickos and the art of network function virtualization. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14), 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20)","author":"Maruf Hasan Al","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan Al Maruf and Mosharaf Chowdhury . Effectively prefetching remote memory with leap . In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20) , July 2020 . Hasan Al Maruf and Mosharaf Chowdhury. Effectively prefetching remote memory with leap. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20), July 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Mellanox. Bluefield smartnic. http:\/\/www.mellanox. com\/related-docs\/prod_adapter_cards\/PB_BlueField_ Smart_NIC.pdf 2018.  Mellanox. Bluefield smartnic. http:\/\/www.mellanox. com\/related-docs\/prod_adapter_cards\/PB_BlueField_ Smart_NIC.pdf 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys '18","author":"Nitu Vlad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vlad Nitu , Boris Teabe , Alain Tchana , Canturk Isci , and Daniel Hagimont . Welcome to zombieland: Practical and energy-efficient memory disaggregation in a datacenter . In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys '18 , 2018 . Vlad Nitu, Boris Teabe, Alain Tchana, Canturk Isci, and Daniel Hagimont. Welcome to zombieland: Practical and energy-efficient memory disaggregation in a datacenter. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys '18, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815400.2815423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2665671.2665678"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"WA","author":"Reda Waleed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waleed Reda , Marco Canini , Dejan Kosti\u00b4c , and Simon Peter . RDMA is turing complete, we just did not know it yet! In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22), Renton , WA , April 2022 . Waleed Reda, Marco Canini, Dejan Kosti\u00b4c, and Simon Peter. RDMA is turing complete, we just did not know it yet! In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22), Renton, WA, April 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787472"},{"volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20)","author":"Ruan Zhenyuan","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Zhenyuan Ruan , Malte Schwarzkopf , Marcos K. Aguilera , and Adam Belay . AIFM : High-performance, application-integrated far memory . In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20) . Zhenyuan Ruan, Malte Schwarzkopf, Marcos K. Aguilera, and Adam Belay. AIFM: High-performance, application-integrated far memory. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2228298.2228331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '18)","author":"Shan Yizhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yizhou Shan , Yutong Huang , Yilun Chen , and Yiying Zhang . Legoos : A disseminated, distributed OS for hardware resource disaggregation . In 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '18) , Carlsbad, CA , October 2018 . Yizhou Shan, Yutong Huang, Yilun Chen, and Yiying Zhang. Legoos: A disseminated, distributed OS for hardware resource disaggregation. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '18), Carlsbad, CA, October 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Supernic: A hardwarebased, programmable, and multi-tenant smartnic","author":"Shan Yizhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yizhou Shan , Will Lin , Ryan Kosta , Arvind Krishnamurthy , and Yiying Zhang . Supernic: A hardwarebased, programmable, and multi-tenant smartnic , 2022 . arXiv:2109.07744. Yizhou Shan, Will Lin, Ryan Kosta, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Yiying Zhang. Supernic: A hardwarebased, programmable, and multi-tenant smartnic, 2022. arXiv:2109.07744."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.","author":"Sherry Justine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Justine Sherry , Shaddi Hasan , Colin Scott , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Sylvia Ratnasamy , and Vyas Sekar . Making middleboxes someone else's problem: Network processing as a cloud service . SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. , 2012 . Justine Sherry, Shaddi Hasan, Colin Scott, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Sylvia Ratnasamy, and Vyas Sekar. Making middleboxes someone else's problem: Network processing as a cloud service. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"SIGCOMM '17","author":"Sun Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Sun , Jun Bi , Zhilong Zheng , Heng Yu , and Hongxin Hu. Nfp : Enabling network function parallelism in nfv . SIGCOMM '17 , 2017 . Chen Sun, Jun Bi, Zhilong Zheng, Heng Yu, and Hongxin Hu. Nfp: Enabling network function parallelism in nfv. SIGCOMM '17, 2017."},{"volume-title":"28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19)","author":"Tsai Shin-Yeh","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Shin-Yeh Tsai , Mathias Payer , and Yiying Zhang . Pythia : Remote oracles for the masses . In 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19) . Shin-Yeh Tsai, Mathias Payer, and Yiying Zhang. Pythia: Remote oracles for the masses. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Tsai and Yiying Zhang. LITE Kernel RDMA Support for Datacenter Applications. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '17)","author":"Shin-Yeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shin-Yeh Tsai and Yiying Zhang. LITE Kernel RDMA Support for Datacenter Applications. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '17) , Shanghai, China , October 2017 . Shin-Yeh Tsai and Yiying Zhang. LITE Kernel RDMA Support for Datacenter Applications. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '17), Shanghai, China, October 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation -","volume":"6","author":"Stribling Jeremy","year":"2004","unstructured":"MichaelWalfish, Jeremy Stribling , Maxwell Krohn , Hari Balakrishnan , Robert Morris , and Scott Shenker . Middleboxes no longer considered harmful . In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 6 , OSDI'04, 2004 . MichaelWalfish, Jeremy Stribling, Maxwell Krohn, Hari Balakrishnan, Robert Morris, and Scott Shenker. Middleboxes no longer considered harmful. In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 6, OSDI'04, 2004."},{"volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20)","author":"Ma Haoran","key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"ChenxiWang, Haoran Ma , Shi Liu , Yuanqi Li , Zhenyuan Ruan , Khanh Nguyen , Michael D. Bond , Ravi Netravali , Miryung Kim , and Guoqing Harry Xu. Semeru : A memory-disaggregated managed runtime . In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20) . ChenxiWang, Haoran Ma, Shi Liu,Yuanqi Li, Zhenyuan Ruan, Khanh Nguyen, Michael D. Bond, Ravi Netravali, Miryung Kim, and Guoqing Harry Xu. Semeru: A memory-disaggregated managed runtime. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '20)."},{"volume-title":"12th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud '20)","author":"Wang Tao","key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Tao Wang , Hang Zhu , Fabian Ruffy , Xin Jin , Anirudh Sivaraman , Dan R. K. Ports , and Aurojit Panda . Multitenancy for fast and programmable networks in the cloud . In 12th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud '20) . Tao Wang, Hang Zhu, Fabian Ruffy, Xin Jin, Anirudh Sivaraman, Dan R. K. Ports, and Aurojit Panda. Multitenancy for fast and programmable networks in the cloud. In 12th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud '20)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17","author":"Zhang Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang Zhang , Bilal Anwer , Vijay Gopalakrishnan , Bo Han , Joshua Reich , Aman Shaikh , and Zhi-Li Zhang . Parabox : Exploiting parallelism for virtual network functions in service chaining . In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17 , 2017 . 9 Yang Zhang, Bilal Anwer, Vijay Gopalakrishnan, Bo Han, Joshua Reich, Aman Shaikh, and Zhi-Li Zhang. Parabox: Exploiting parallelism for virtual network functions in service chaining. In Proceedings of the Symposium on SDN Research, SOSR '17, 2017. 9"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3606557.3606559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3606557.3606559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:48:51Z","timestamp":1750182531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3606557.3606559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3606557.3606559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3606557.3606559","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5980"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0163-5980"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}