{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:28:26Z","timestamp":1780568906676,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strateg through MATH+, the Berlin Mathematics Research Center","award":["EXC-2046\/1 \u2013 project ID: 390685689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC-2046\/1 \u2013 project ID: 390685689"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) through BIFOLD, the Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data","award":["01IS18025A, 01IS18037A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01IS18025A, 01IS18037A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The fact that the physical shapes of man-made objects are subject to overlapping influences\u2014such as technological, economic, geographic, and stylistic progressions\u2014holds great information potential. On the other hand, it is also a major analytical challenge to uncover these overlapping trends and to disentagle them in an\n            <jats:italic>unbiased<\/jats:italic>\n            way. This article explores a novel mathematical approach to extract archaeological insights from ensembles of similar artifact shapes. We show that by considering all shape information in a\n            <jats:italic>find collection<\/jats:italic>\n            , it is possible to identify shape patterns that would be difficult to discern by considering the artifacts individually or by classifying shapes into predefined archaeological types and analyzing the associated distinguishing characteristics.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Recently, a series of high-resolution digital representations of artifacts have become available. Such datasets enable the application of extremely sensitive and flexible methods of shape analysis. We explore this potential on a set of 3D models of ancient Greek and Roman sundials, with the aim of providing alternatives to the traditional archaeological method of \u201ctrend extraction by ordination\u201d (typology).<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In the proposed approach, each 3D shape is represented as a point in a\n            <jats:italic>shape space<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014a high-dimensional, curved, non-Euclidean space. Proper consideration of its mathematical properties reduces bias in data analysis and thus improves analytical power. By performing regression in shape space, we find that for Roman sundials, the bend of the shadow-receiving surface of the sundials changes with the latitude of the location. This suggests that, apart from the inscribed hour lines, also a sundial\u2019s shape was adjusted to the place of installation. As an example of more advanced inference, we use the identified trend to infer the latitude at which a sundial, whose location of installation is unknown, was placed.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            We also derive a novel method for differentiated morphological trend assertion, building upon and extending the theory of geometric statistics and shape analysis. Specifically, we present a regression-based method for statistical normalization of shapes that serves as a means of disentangling\n            <jats:italic>parameter-dependent effects (trends)<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>unexplained variability<\/jats:italic>\n            . In addition, we show that this approach is robust to noise in the digital reconstructions of the artifact shapes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3606698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T12:37:22Z","timestamp":1688128642000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intrinsic Shape Analysis in Archaeology: A Case Study on Ancient Sundials"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7120-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hanik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ducke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Archaeological Institute, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Christian","family":"Hege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zuse Institute Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Fless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Archaeological Institute, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph Von","family":"Tycowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12752\/8544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32251-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78191-0_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/050637996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-013-0490-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2018.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1986.tb01401.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-79558-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-40899-4_129"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73301-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/LocalChapterEvents\/ItalChap\/ItalianChapConf2008\/129-136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","series-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1993","first-page":"177","author":"Cool Hilary E. 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