{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:35:08Z","timestamp":1780472108256,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":74,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3607199.3607209","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T22:30:51Z","timestamp":1696372251000},"page":"686-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["SigA: rPPG-based Authentication for Virtual Reality Head-mounted Display"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swinburne University of Technology, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1355-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith University, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Research & Innovation Capability Platform, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Research & Innovation Capability Platform, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531073.3531106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1666501.1666506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Synthetic photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to body mass index (BMI). Scientific reports 11, 1","author":"Boonya-Ananta Tananant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tananant Boonya-Ananta, Andres\u00a0J Rodriguez, Ajmal Ajmal, Vinh\u00a0Nguyen Du\u00a0Le, Anders\u00a0K Hansen, Joshua\u00a0D Hutcheson, and Jessica\u00a0C Ramella-Roman. 2021. Synthetic photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to body mass index (BMI). Scientific reports 11, 1 (2021), 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","first-page":"19566","article-title":"Grounding inductive biases in natural images: Invariance stems from variations in data","volume":"34","author":"Bouchacourt Diane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diane Bouchacourt, Mark Ibrahim, and Ari Morcos. 2021. Grounding inductive biases in natural images: Invariance stems from variations in data. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021), 19566\u201319579.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3011304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01216-8_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201315","author":"Chen Yuxin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuxin Chen, Zhuolin Yang, Ruben Abbou, Pedro Lopes, Ben\u00a0Y Zhao, and Haitao Zheng. 2021. User authentication via electrical muscle stimulation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Entropy, relative entropy and mutual information","volume":"2","author":"Cover M","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thomas\u00a0M Cover, Joy\u00a0A Thomas, 1991. Entropy, relative entropy and mutual information. Elements of Information Theory 2, 1 (1991), 12\u201313.","journal-title":"Elements of Information Theory"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Using extended reality in flight simulators: A literature review","author":"Cross Jamie\u00a0Ian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamie\u00a0Ian Cross, Christine Boag-Hodgson, Tim Ryley, Timothy Mavin, and Leigh\u00a0Ellen Potter. 2022. Using extended reality in flight simulators: A literature review. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2266196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68793-9_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).","author":"Dosovitskiy Alexey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, 2021. An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop. 1\u20134.","author":"Dozat Timothy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timothy Dozat. 2016. Incorporating nesterov momentum into adam. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop. 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3538969.3539011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2017.23408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"On the analysis of fingertip photoplethysmogram signals. Current cardiology reviews 8, 1","author":"Elgendi Mohamed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohamed Elgendi. 2012. On the analysis of fingertip photoplethysmogram signals. Current cardiology reviews 8, 1 (2012), 14\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/usec.2017.23028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3488932.3517388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"And Segment Forecasts","author":"Research Grand View","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grand View Research. 2022. Virtual Reality Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Technology (Semi & Fully Immersive, Non-immersive), By Device (HMD, GTD), By Component (Hardware, Software), By Application, And Segment Forecasts, 2022\u20132030. Technical Report. GVR-1-68038-831-2. Retrieved Jan 29, 2023 from https:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/virtual-reality-vr-market"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE EMBS Special Topic Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine. 13\u201314","author":"Gu Y.Y.","unstructured":"Y.Y. Gu, Y. Zhang, and Y.T. Zhang. 2003. A novel biometric approach in human verification by photoplethysmographic signals. In Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE EMBS Special Topic Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine. 13\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"A reproducible study on remote heart rate measurement. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.00962","author":"Heusch Guillaume","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guillaume Heusch, Andr\u00e9 Anjos, and S\u00e9bastien Marcel. 2017. A reproducible study on remote heart rate measurement. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.00962 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3122817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).","author":"Kartynnik Yury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yury Kartynnik, Artsiom Ablavatski, Ivan Grishchenko, and Matthias Grundmann. 2019. Real-time facial surface geometry from monocular video on mobile GPUs. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2014.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25","author":"Krizhevsky Alex","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey\u00a0E Hinton. 2012. Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560830.3563722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"A new, short-recorded photoplethysmogram dataset for blood pressure monitoring in China. Scientific data 5, 1","author":"Liang Yongbo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yongbo Liang, Zhencheng Chen, Guiyong Liu, and Mohamed Elgendi. 2018. A new, short-recorded photoplethysmogram dataset for blood pressure monitoring in China. Scientific data 5, 1 (2018), 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2020.24079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01739-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3558518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"UBFC-Phys: A multimodal database for psychophysiological studies of social stress","author":"Meziatisabour Rita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rita Meziatisabour, Yannick Benezeth, Pierre De\u00a0Oliveira, Julien Chappe, and Fan Yang. 2021. UBFC-Phys: A multimodal database for psychophysiological studies of social stress. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"What is being transferred in transfer learning?Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33","author":"Neyshabur Behnam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Behnam Neyshabur, Hanie Sedghi, and Chiyuan Zhang. 2020. What is being transferred in transfer learning?Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (2020), 512\u2013523."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2947204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3204082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2516960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556","author":"Simonyan Karen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karen Simonyan and Andrew Zisserman. 2014. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"New insights on super-high resolution for video-based heart rate estimation with a semi-blind source separation method. Computers in biology and medicine 116","author":"Song Rencheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rencheng Song, Senle Zhang, Juan Cheng, Chang Li, and Xun Chen. 2020. New insights on super-high resolution for video-based heart rate estimation with a semi-blind source separation method. Computers in biology and medicine 116 (2020), 103535."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00151-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.021434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2721359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3052973.3053031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2023.24432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-021-00142-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/282589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APCCAS.2016.7804002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2023.24298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Deep leakage from gradients. Advances in neural information processing systems 32","author":"Zhu Ligeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ligeng Zhu, Zhijian Liu, and Song Han. 2019. Deep leakage from gradients. Advances in neural information processing systems 32 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3016819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3004555"}],"event":{"name":"RAID 2023: The 26th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","location":"Hong Kong China","acronym":"RAID 2023"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3607199.3607209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3607199.3607209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:37:34Z","timestamp":1750178254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3607199.3607209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3607199.3607209","10.1145\/3607199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3607199.3607209","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}