{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:41:43Z","timestamp":1780569703294,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":55,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3607822.3614526","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:37:16Z","timestamp":1697193436000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Influence of Virtual Agent Visibility in Virtual Reality Cognitive Training"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1914-7008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Kruse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariba","family":"Mostajeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-7414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Steinicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514197.3549685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057039.3057080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39396-2_52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?Psicothema","author":"Blanca\u00a0Mena Mar\u00eda\u00a0Jos\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mar\u00eda\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Blanca\u00a0Mena, Rafael Alarc\u00f3n\u00a0Postigo, Jaume Arnau\u00a0Gras, Roser Bono\u00a0Cabr\u00e9, Rebecca Bendayan, 2017. Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?Psicothema (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Social facilitation: a meta-analysis of 241 studies.Psychological bulletin 94, 2","author":"Bond F","year":"1983","unstructured":"Charles\u00a0F Bond and Linda\u00a0J Titus. 1983. Social facilitation: a meta-analysis of 241 studies.Psychological bulletin 94, 2 (1983), 265."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"A power primer.Psychological bulletin 112, 1","author":"Cohen Jacob","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jacob Cohen. 1992. A power primer.Psychological bulletin 112, 1 (1992), 155."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02502.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. 1061\u20131068","author":"DeVault David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David DeVault, Ron Artstein, Grace Benn, Teresa Dey, Ed Fast, Alesia Gainer, Kallirroi Georgila, Jon Gratch, Arno Hartholt, Margaux Lhommet, 2014. SimSensei Kiosk: A virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support. In Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. 1061\u20131068."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472306.3478367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472306.3478338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIR51845.2021.00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986017004315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514197.3549697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"A strong validation of the crosswise model using experimentally-induced cheating behavior. Experimental Psychology","author":"Hoffmann Adrian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adrian Hoffmann, Birk Diedenhofen, Bruno Verschuere, and Jochen Musch. 2015. A strong validation of the crosswise model using experimentally-induced cheating behavior. Experimental Psychology (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). 105\u2013114","author":"Kim K.","unstructured":"K. Kim, L. Boelling, S. Haesler, J. Bailenson, G. Bruder, and G.F. Welch. 2018. Does a Digital Assistant Need a Body? The Influence of Visual Embodiment and Social Behavior on the Perception of Intelligent Virtual Agents in AR. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). 105\u2013114."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR46125.2019.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"High Levels of Visibility of Virtual Agents Increase the Social Presence of Users. In 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 843\u2013844","author":"Kruse Lucie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lucie Kruse, Fariba Mostajeran, and Frank Steinicke. 2023. High Levels of Visibility of Virtual Agents Increase the Social Presence of Users. In 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 843\u2013844."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in psychology 4","author":"Lakens Dani\u00ebl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dani\u00ebl Lakens. 2013. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in psychology 4 (2013), 863."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th annual international workshop on presence. 1\u201315","author":"Lombard Matthew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matthew Lombard, Theresa\u00a0B Ditton, and Lisa Weinstein. 2009. Measuring presence: the temple presence inventory. In Proceedings of the 12th annual international workshop on presence. 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.08.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15252019.2013.768051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Anthropomorphism of Virtual Agents and Human Cognitive Performance in Augmented Reality. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 329\u2013332","author":"Mostajeran Fariba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fariba Mostajeran, Nadia Burke, Nazife Ertugrul, Kilian Hildebrandt, Joshua Matov, No\u00e9mie Tapie, Wilhelm\u00a0Gottlieb Zittel, Pia Reisewitz, and Frank Steinicke. 2022. Anthropomorphism of Virtual Agents and Human Cognitive Performance in Augmented Reality. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 329\u2013332."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. GPT-4. Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Social facilitation effects of virtual humans. Human factors 49, 6","author":"Park Sung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sung Park and Richard Catrambone. 2007. Social facilitation effects of virtual humans. Human factors 49, 6 (2007), 1054\u20131060."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00681.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Body centred interaction in immersive virtual environments. Artificial life and virtual reality 1","author":"Slater Mel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mel Slater and Martin Usoh. 1994. Body centred interaction in immersive virtual environments. Artificial life and virtual reality 1, 1994 (1994), 125\u2013148."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Virtual Agent Design for Social Skills Training Considering Autistic Traits.Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","author":"Tanaka Hiroki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hiroki Tanaka and Satoshi Nakamura. 2021. Virtual Agent Design for Social Skills Training Considering Autistic Traits.Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2021 (Nov 2021), 4953\u20134956."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01549-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308532.3329461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Motivierte Wahrnehmung: selektive Aufmerksamkeit und entlastende Umdeutungen bei der Aufnahme valenter Informationen. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Trier","author":"Voss Andreas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andreas Voss. 2004. Motivierte Wahrnehmung: selektive Aufmerksamkeit und entlastende Umdeutungen bei der Aufnahme valenter Informationen. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Trier, Univ., Diss., 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Social facilitation. Science 149, 3681","author":"Zajonc B","year":"1965","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0B Zajonc. 1965. Social facilitation. Science 149, 3681 (1965), 269\u2013274."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-020-00357-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267906"}],"event":{"name":"SUI '23: ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction","location":"Sydney NSW Australia","acronym":"SUI '23","sponsor":["SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3607822.3614526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3607822.3614526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:47:21Z","timestamp":1750178841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3607822.3614526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3607822.3614526","10.1145\/3607822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3607822.3614526","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}