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Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Recent years have seen an exponential growth (+98% in 2022 w.r.t. the previous year) of the number of research articles in the\n            <jats:italic>few-shot learning<\/jats:italic>\n            field, which aims at training machine learning models with extremely limited available data. The research interest toward few-shot learning systems for Named Entity Recognition (NER) is thus at the same time increasing. NER consists in identifying mentions of pre-defined entities from unstructured text, and serves as a fundamental step in many downstream tasks, such as the construction of Knowledge Graphs, or Question Answering. The need for a NER system able to be trained with few-annotated examples comes in all its urgency in domains where the annotation process requires time, knowledge and expertise (e.g., healthcare, finance, legal), and in low-resource languages. In this survey, starting from a clear definition and description of the few-shot NER (FS-NER) problem, we take stock of the current state-of-the-art and propose a taxonomy which divides algorithms in two macro-categories according to the underlying mechanisms: model-centric and data-centric. For each category, we line-up works as a story to show how the field is moving toward new research directions. Eventually, techniques, limitations, and key aspects are deeply analyzed to facilitate future studies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3609483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T12:26:58Z","timestamp":1689683218000},"page":"1-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Few-shot Named Entity Recognition: Definition, Taxonomy and Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Moscato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Postiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Sperl\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"David Ifeoluwa Adelani Michael A. 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