{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:25:50Z","timestamp":1776119150596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data are wielded to shape public opinion, particularly in electoral contexts where the role and veracity of information is questioned. This post-truth era is characterized by world events in which facts too often are obfuscated and evidential standards are abandoned. To study how data are used to influence pressing and divisive contemporary issues, this paper explores the rhetorical work that quantitative data are doing through the blogging practices of advocacy organizations during the highly-polarized month preceding the 2016 United States elections. We present results of a qualitative content analysis of the quantitative data used in 337 blog posts published by five pairs of conservative and liberal advocacy organizations over the course of the month leading up to the 2016 US elections. We identify key data rhetoric practices along partisan lines and contribute an analytic framework-evaluating ethos, pathos, and logos- that can be used to analyze the rhetorical use of data in other contexts. We then characterize two different imaginaries that come into conflict in this research: 1) the political imaginaries being promoted through organizational blogging and 2) the sociotechnical imaginary of the data economy, foregrounding differences in the epistemic value of data in each. We conclude by outlining research challenges and trajectories for future research within each of the two imaginaries of data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3610050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1696434850000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Competing Imaginaries and Partisan Divides in the Data Rhetoric of Advocacy Organizations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva","family":"Darian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5861-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianna","family":"Dym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Voida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. About fact-checking on Facebook and Instagram. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/business\/help\/2593586717571940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"d.]. Election results","year":"2016","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Election results, 2016. https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Election_results,_2016#State_executive_offices"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Reporting and viewing sensitive media | twitter help. https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/safety-and-security\/sensitive-media"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Election 2016 - ballot measures. CNN (Nov","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. Election 2016 - ballot measures. CNN (Nov 2016). https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/election\/2016\/results\/ballot-measures"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2016. Federally Focused 527s by Sector. https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/527s\/527cmtes.php?level=S&cycle=2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Gubernatorial elections","year":"2016","unstructured":"2016. Gubernatorial elections, 2016. https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Gubernatorial_elections,_2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"2016. Ideology; Single Issue Sector Background. https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/industries\/indus.php?ind=Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"2016. Ideology; Single Issue Sector Summary. https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/industries\/indus.php?ind=Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"2016. Top voting issues in 2016 election. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2016\/07\/07\/4-top-voting-issues-in-2016-election\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1134271.1134277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3192424.3192575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW","author":"Garcia Adriana Alvarado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adriana Alvarado Garcia and Christopher A Le Dantec. 2018. Quotidian Report: Grassroots Data Practices to Address Public Safety. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (2018), 1--18."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW","author":"Garcia Adriana Alvarado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adriana Alvarado Garcia, Alyson L Young, and Lynn Dombrowski. 2017. On making data actionable: How activists use imperfect data to foster social change for human rights violations in Mexico. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW (2017), 1--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Faking news: Fraudulent news and the fight for truth","author":"America PEN","year":"2017","unstructured":"PEN America. 2017. Faking news: Fraudulent news and the fight for truth. New York, NY: Author (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431016667623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Framing Political Populism: The Role of Media in Framing the Election of Jair Bolsonaro. Journalism Practice","author":"Ara\u00fajo Bruno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruno Ara\u00fajo and H\u00e9lder Prior. 2020. Framing Political Populism: The Role of Media in Framing the Election of Jair Bolsonaro. Journalism Practice (2020), 1--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The framing wars","volume":"17","author":"Bai Matt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matt Bai. 2005. The framing wars. The New York Times Magazine 17 (2005), 38--45.","journal-title":"The New York Times Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2017.1345645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Emotional AI, and the Optimization of Disinformation. In Affective Politics of Digital Media","author":"Bakir Vian","unstructured":"Vian Bakir and Andrew McStay. 2020. Empathic Media, Emotional AI, and the Optimization of Disinformation. In Affective Politics of Digital Media. Routledge, 263--279."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Symposium: Fake News and the PoliticsofMisinformation. APSA.","author":"Barbera Pablo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pablo Barbera. 2018. Explaining the spread of misinformation on social media: Evidence from the 2016 US presidential election. In Symposium: Fake News and the PoliticsofMisinformation. APSA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2015.1084015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Affective politics of digital media","author":"Boler Megan","unstructured":"Megan Boler and Elizabeth Davis. 2020. Affective politics of digital media. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Biodiversity datadiversity. Social studies of science 30, 5","author":"Bowker Geoffrey C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geoffrey C Bowker. 2000. Biodiversity datadiversity. Social studies of science 30, 5 (2000), 643--683."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Differential Perspectives: Epistemic Disconnects Surrounding the US Census Bureau's Use of Differential Privacy. Harvard Data Science Review (Forthcoming)","author":"Boyd Danah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danah Boyd and Jayshree Sarathy. 2022. Differential Perspectives: Epistemic Disconnects Surrounding the US Census Bureau's Use of Differential Privacy. Harvard Data Science Review (Forthcoming) (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2017.1363657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Aging in an era of fake news. Current directions in psychological science 29, 3","author":"Brashier Nadia M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadia M Brashier and Daniel L Schacter. 2020. Aging in an era of fake news. Current directions in psychological science 29, 3 (2020), 316--323."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2019.1652860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig Browne and Paula Diehl. 2019. Conceptualising the political imaginary: an introduction to the special issue. 393--397 pages.","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2019.1652859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"damned lies, and social media following extreme events. Risk analysis","author":"Byrd Katie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katie Byrd and Richard S John. 2021. Lies, damned lies, and social media following extreme events. Risk analysis (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach. The guardian 17","author":"Cadwalladr Carole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carole Cadwalladr and Emma Graham-Harrison. 2018. Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach. The guardian 17 (2018), 22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"How do you solve a problem like misinformation? Science advances 7, 50","author":"Calo Ryan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryan Calo, Chris Coward, Emma S Spiro, Kate Starbird, and Jevin D West. 2021. How do you solve a problem like misinformation? Science advances 7, 50 (2021), eabn0481."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600701471666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00986967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Martin De Saulles. 2015. Information 2.0: New models of information production distribution and consumption. facet publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731121415596082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Inside the Power of the NRA. New York Times 15","author":"Draper Robert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robert Draper. 2013. Inside the Power of the NRA. New York Times 15 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1931243119883839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Paul Egan. 2021. GOP lawmakers file bills that would require 'Fact checkers' to register with the State. https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/news\/politics\/2021\/05\/11\/michigan-gop-lawmakers-want-fact-checkers-register-face-fines\/5045565001\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457289.2017.1378222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2820068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"propaganda, and disinformation: Online media and the 2016 US presidential election","author":"Faris Robert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robert Faris, Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. Partisanship, propaganda, and disinformation: Online media and the 2016 US presidential election. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication 6 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"The power and politics of blogs. Public choice 134, 1","author":"Farrell Henry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Henry Farrell and Daniel W Drezner. 2008. The power and politics of blogs. Public choice 134, 1 (2008), 15--30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ccc\/tcz051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"BLEWS: Using blogs to provide context for news articles.. In ICWSM. 60--67.","author":"Gamon Michael","year":"2008","unstructured":"Michael Gamon, Sumit Basu, Dmitriy Belenko, Danyel Fisher, Matthew Hurst, and Arnd Christian K\u00f6nig. 2008. BLEWS: Using blogs to provide context for news articles.. In ICWSM. 60--67."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Markus Krajewski, Rita Raley, et al.","author":"Gitelman Lisa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lisa Gitelman, Virginia Jackson, Daniel Rosenberg, Travis D Williams, Kevin R Brine, Mary Poovey, Matthew Stanley, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Markus Krajewski, Rita Raley, et al. 2013. Data flakes: An afterword to ?raw data\" is an oxymoron. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1959.11023166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Emotional Campaigning in Politics: Being Moved and Anger in Political Ads Motivate to Support Candidate and Party. Frontiers in Psychology 12","author":"Gr\u00fcning David J","year":"2022","unstructured":"David J Gr\u00fcning and Thomas W Schubert. 2022. Emotional Campaigning in Politics: Being Moved and Anger in Political Ads Motivate to Support Candidate and Party. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716215570549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ian Hacking Tim Hacking et al. 1990. The taming of chance. Number 17. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511819766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2013.787079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The history of the data economy: Part I: The birth of customer insight","volume":"18","author":"Harkness Timandra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Timandra Harkness. 2021. The history of the data economy: Part I: The birth of customer insight. Significance 18, 6 (2021), 12--15.","journal-title":"Significance"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003052272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Mike Howell. 2022. Fact check: Fact-checkers falsely claim they are fact-checkers. https:\/\/www.heritage.org\/progressivism\/commentary\/fact-check-fact-checkers-falsely-claim-they-are-fact-checkers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"What is fake news? How to spot it and what you can do to stop it","volume":"17","author":"Hunt Elle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elle Hunt. 2016. What is fake news? How to spot it and what you can do to stop it. The Guardian 17 (2016), 15--16.","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power","author":"Jasanoff Sheila","unstructured":"Sheila Jasanoff and Sang-Hyun Kim. 2015. Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3323691"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Public microblogging on climate change: One year of Twitter worldwide. Global environmental change 26","author":"Kirilenko Andrei P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrei P Kirilenko and Svetlana O Stepchenkova. 2014. Public microblogging on climate change: One year of Twitter worldwide. Global environmental change 26 (2014), 171--182."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology","author":"Krippendorff Klaus","unstructured":"Klaus Krippendorff. 2018. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Analyzing Qualitative Data with","author":"Kuckartz Udo","unstructured":"Udo Kuckartz and Stefan R\u00e4diker. 2019. Analyzing intercoder agreement. In Analyzing Qualitative Data with MAXQDA. Springer, 267--282."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Affective Politics of Digital Media","author":"Kuntsman Adi","unstructured":"Adi Kuntsman. 2020. Reverberation, Affect, and Digital Politics of Responsibility. In Affective Politics of Digital Media. Routledge, 69--85."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/704329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Thinking points: Communicating our American values and vision","author":"Lakoff George","unstructured":"George Lakoff. 2006. Thinking points: Communicating our American values and vision. Macmillan."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Moral politics: How liberals and conservatives think","author":"Lakoff George","unstructured":"George Lakoff. 2010. Moral politics: How liberals and conservatives think. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312709359963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068801007001004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytic assessment. American Political Science Review","author":"Lau Richard R","year":"1999","unstructured":"Richard R Lau, Lee Sigelman, Caroline Heldman, and Paul Babbitt. 1999. The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytic assessment. American Political Science Review (1999), 851--875."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592709992714"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Dave Levitan. 2015. Unspinning the Planned Parenthood Video. https:\/\/www.factcheck.org\/2015\/07\/unspinning-the-planned-parenthood-video\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13691481211048499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Subjects, Rights. Abingdon: Routledge","author":"Lyon David","year":"2019","unstructured":"David Lyon. 2019. Surveillance capitalism, surveillance culture and data politics. Data Politics: Worlds, Subjects, Rights. Abingdon: Routledge (2019), 64--77."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Process guidelines for establishing intercoder reliability in qualitative studies. Qualitative research 16, 2","author":"MacPhail Catherine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Catherine MacPhail, Nomhle Khoza, Laurie Abler, and Meghna Ranganathan. 2016. Process guidelines for establishing intercoder reliability in qualitative studies. Qualitative research 16, 2 (2016), 198--212."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Malakoff. 2017. A matter of fact.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.355.6325.562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Trending: The promises and the challenges of big social data. Debates in the digital humanities 2, 1","author":"Manovich Lev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lev Manovich. 2011. Trending: The promises and the challenges of big social data. Debates in the digital humanities 2, 1 (2011), 460--475."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Killing for Life","author":"Mason Carol","unstructured":"Carol Mason. 2018. Killing for Life. Cornell University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-018-0166-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Megan McArdle. 2016. Fact-checking's infinite-regress problem. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2016--12--23\/fact-checking-s-infinite-regress-problem?leadSource=uverifywall"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-061915-123020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee McIntyre. 2018. Post-truth. MIt Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11483.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Do blogs matter? Weblogs in American politics","author":"McKenna Laura","unstructured":"Laura McKenna and Antoinette Pole. 2004. Do blogs matter? Weblogs in American politics. American Political Science Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Strategic communication and deformative transparency: Persuasion in politics, propaganda, and public health","author":"Nahon-Serfaty Isaac","unstructured":"Isaac Nahon-Serfaty. 2018. Strategic communication and deformative transparency: Persuasion in politics, propaganda, and public health. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gov.2018.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"C Thi Nguyen. 2020. Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5325\/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"Vitaliia-Anna Oliinyk Victoria Vysotska Yevhen Burov Khrystyna Mykich and V\u00edtor Basto Fernandes. 2020. Propaganda Detection in Text Data Based on NLP and Machine Learning.. In MoMLeT DS. 132--144."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical studies in media communication 34, 1","author":"Ott Brian L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brian L Ott. 2017. The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical studies in media communication 34, 1 (2017), 59--68."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12476"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Elizabeth Ann Harris, and Jay J Van Bavel","author":"Pereira Andrea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrea Pereira, Elizabeth Ann Harris, and Jay J Van Bavel. 2018. Identity concerns drive belief: The impact of partisan identity on the belief and dissemination of true and false news. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money","author":"Pomerantsev Peter","unstructured":"Peter Pomerantsev and Michael Weiss. 2014. The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money. Vol. 14. Institute of Modern Russia New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Political marketing in the 2016 US presidential election","author":"Raynauld Vincent","unstructured":"Vincent Raynauld and Andr\u00e9 Turcotte. 2018. ?Different strokes for different folks\": Implications of voter micro-targeting and appeal in the age of Donald Trump. In Political marketing in the 2016 US presidential election. Springer, 11--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfz011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","unstructured":"Evelyn Ruppert. 2018. Sociotechnical imaginaries of different data futures."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","unstructured":"Lydia Saad. 2016. Party groups agree on importance of big election issues. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/192353\/party-groups-agree-import-big-election-issues.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction. Big data & society 6, 1","author":"Sadowski Jathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jathan Sadowski. 2019. When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction. Big data & society 6, 1 (2019), 2053951718820549."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Public opinion quarterly 75, 1","author":"Schuldt Jonathon P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jonathon P Schuldt, Sara H Konrath, and Norbert Schwarz. 2011. ?Global warming\" or ?climate change\"? Whether the planet is warming depends on question wording. Public opinion quarterly 75, 1 (2011), 115--124."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","volume-title":"Narrative visualization: Telling stories with data","author":"Segel Edward","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edward Segel and Jeffrey Heer. 2010. Narrative visualization: Telling stories with data. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 16, 6 (2010), 1139--1148."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","first-page":"4158","article-title":"Fragile hegemony: Modi, social media and competitive electoral populism in India","volume":"11","author":"Sinha Subir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Subir Sinha. 2017. Fragile hegemony: Modi, social media and competitive electoral populism in India. International Journal of Communication 11, 2017 (2017), 4158--4180.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.","author":"Sirin Cigdem V","unstructured":"Cigdem V Sirin and Jos\u00e9 D Villalobos. 2019. The study of discrete emotions in politics. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592716001122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266382117722446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14878"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","volume-title":"IConference 2014 Proceedings","author":"Starbird Kate","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kate Starbird, Jim Maddock, Mania Orand, Peg Achterman, and Robert M Mason. 2014. Rumors, false flags, and digital vigilantes: Misinformation on twitter after the 2013 boston marathon bombing. IConference 2014 Proceedings (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Affective politics of digital media","author":"Stark Luke","unstructured":"Luke Stark. 2020. Empires of feeling: social media and emotive politics. In Affective politics of digital media. Routledge, 298--313."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","volume-title":"Nathalie Henry Riche, and John Stasko","author":"Stolper Charles D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charles D Stolper, Bongshin Lee, Nathalie Henry Riche, and John Stasko. 2016. Emerging and recurring data-driven storytelling techniques: Analysis of a curated collection of recent stories. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"How social media took us from Tahrir Square to Donald Trump","volume":"14","author":"Tufekci Zeynep","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeynep Tufekci. 2018. How social media took us from Tahrir Square to Donald Trump. MIT Technology Review 14 (2018), 18.","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161213508207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to","author":"Vargo Chris J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chris J Vargo, Lei Guo, and Michelle A Amazeen. 2018. The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New media & society 20, 5 (2018), 2028--2049."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","volume-title":"Fake News as a ?Rhetorical Device\". Rhetoric and Communications Journal","author":"Vassileva Maya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maya Vassileva. 2019. Fake News as a ?Rhetorical Device\". Rhetoric and Communications Journal (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","volume-title":"The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380","author":"Vosoughi Soroush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146--1151."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Visual revelations: Graphical tales of fate and deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot","author":"Wainer Howard","unstructured":"Howard Wainer. 2013. Visual revelations: Graphical tales of fate and deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1461670X.2018.1492881"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","volume-title":"Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness. Science 347, 6227","author":"Wojcik Sean P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sean P Wojcik, Arpine Hovasapian, Jesse Graham, Matt Motyl, and Peter H Ditto. 2015. Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness. Science 347, 6227 (2015), 1243--1246."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-018-9443-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","volume-title":"New Media, Campaigning and the 2008 Facebook Election","author":"Woolley Julia K","unstructured":"Julia K Woolley, Anthony M Limperos, and Mary Beth Oliver. 2013. The 2008 presidential election, 2.0: A content analysis of user-generated political Facebook groups. In New Media, Campaigning and the 2008 Facebook Election. Routledge, 87--108."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3610050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:18:23Z","timestamp":1755749903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3610050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3610050","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}