{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1784031436041,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, industry leaders and researchers have proposed to use technical provenance standards to address visual misinformation spread through digitally altered media. By adding immutable and secure provenance information such as authorship and edit date to media metadata, social media users could potentially better assess the validity of the media they encounter. However, it is unclear how end users would respond to provenance information, or how to best design provenance indicators to be understandable to laypeople. We conducted an online experiment with 595 participants from the US and UK to investigate how provenance information altered users' accuracy perceptions and trust in visual content shared on social media. We found that provenance information often lowered trust and caused users to doubt deceptive media, particularly when it revealed that the media was composited. We additionally tested conditions where the provenance information itself was shown to be incomplete or invalid, and found that these states have a significant impact on participants' accuracy perceptions and trust in media, leading them, in some cases, to disbelieve honest media. Our findings show that provenance, although enlightening, is still not a concept well-understood by users, who confuse media credibility with the orthogonal (albeit related) concept of provenance credibility. We discuss how design choices may contribute to provenance (mis)understanding, and conclude with implications for usable provenance systems, including clearer interfaces and user education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3610061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1696434850000},"page":"1-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Examining the Impact of Provenance-Enabled Media on Trust and Accuracy Perceptions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. J. Kevin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6180-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BBC, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0649-2228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adobe, Inc., New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9629-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adobe, Inc., New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9462-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy X.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2886314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzat Alsmadi Dianxiang Xu and Jin-Hee Cho. 2016. Interaction-based Reputation Model in Online Social Networks. In ICISSP. 265--272.","DOI":"10.5220\/0005668302650272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proc. Intl. Broadcasting Convention (IBC)","volume":"1","author":"Aythora J","year":"2020","unstructured":"J Aythora, R Burke-Ag\u00fcero, A Chamayou, S Clebsch, M Costa, J Deutscher, N Earnshaw, L Ellis, P England, C Fournet, et al. 2020. Multi-stakeholder media provenance management to counter synthetic media risks in news publishing. In Proc. Intl. Broadcasting Convention (IBC), Vol. 1. 8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2531598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Karissa Bell. 2019. Facebook to crowdsource fact checking to users with 'diverse viewpoints'. https:\/\/mashable.com\/article\/facebook-hire-contractors-diverse-viewpoints-for-fact-checking-help."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Believability of messages about preventing breast cancer and heart disease through physical activity. BMC psychology 6, 1","author":"Berry Tanya R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanya R Berry, Kelvin E Jones, Kerry S Courneya, Kerry R McGannon, Colleen M Norris, Wendy M Rodgers, and John C Spence. 2018. Believability of messages about preventing breast cancer and heart disease through physical activity. BMC psychology 6, 1 (2018), 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565211030454"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"See something, say something: Correction of global health misinformation on social media. Health communication 33, 9","author":"Bode Leticia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leticia Bode and Emily K Vraga. 2018. See something, say something: Correction of global health misinformation on social media. Health communication 33, 9 (2018), 1131--1140."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2017.1363657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020043118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.20082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2656842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Ward","author":"Chen Weikeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weikeng Chen, Alessandro Chiesa, Emma Dauterman, and Nicholas P. Ward. 2020. Reducing Participation Costs via Incremental Verification for Ledger Systems. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2020\/1522. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/1522 https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/1522."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09533-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1468109919000082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. 2022. C2PA Explainer. https:\/\/c2pa.org\/specifications\/specifications\/1.0\/explainer\/Explainer.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. 2022. C2PA User Experience Guidance for Implementers. https:\/\/c2pa.org\/specifications\/specifications\/1.0\/ux\/UX_Recommendations.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. 2022. Overview - C2PA. https:\/\/c2pa.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Content Authenticity Initiative. 2022. Addressing misinformation through digital content provenance. https:\/\/contentauthenticity.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3082031.3083247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2713168.2713194"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Katie Deighton. 2020. Online Platforms Ask Users to Be Polite With ?Nudges'. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/online-platforms-ask-users-to-be-polite-with-nudges-11601631000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/usec.2018.23015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","article-title":"Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media","volume":"1","author":"Dias Nicholas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicholas Dias, Gordon Pennycook, and David G Rand. 2020. Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 1, 1 (2020).","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Digital Advertising Alliance. 2022. YourAdChoices Gives You Control. https:\/\/youradchoices.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Dan Evon. 2017. Does a Vintage Advertisement Show Boy Eating a Stick of Butter? https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/boy-eating-butter-ad\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Dan Evon. 2021. Did a Meteor Fall Into a Volcano? https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/did-a-meteor-fall-into-a-volcano\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2002.807361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2019.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22041451.2016.1261251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Four Corners Project. 2022. An initiative to increase authorship and credibility in visual media. https:\/\/fourcornersproject.org\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.931078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX","author":"Fu Dongdong","unstructured":"Dongdong Fu, Yun Q Shi, and Wei Su. 2007. A generalized Benford's law for JPEG coefficients and its applications in image forensics. In Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, Vol. 6505. SPIE, 574--584."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics","author":"Goljan Miroslav","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miroslav Goljan and Jessica Fridrich. 2015. CFA-aware features for steganalysis of color images. In Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics 2015, Vol. 9409. SPIE, 279--291."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3299046"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO.2018.8553560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487575.2487713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3240167.3240172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58589-1_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Elle Hunt. 2017. 'Disputed by multiple fact-checkers': Facebook rolls out new alert to combat fake news. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/mar\/22\/facebook-fact-checking-tool-fake-news."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2007.903848"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"fast and slow","author":"Kahneman Daniel","unstructured":"Daniel Kahneman. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2019.1628921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Jiyoung Kim and Sharron J Lennon. 2013. Effects of reputation and website quality on online consumers' emotion perceived risk and purchase intention: Based on the stimulus-organism-response model. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Sasha Koren. 2019. Introducing the News Provenance Project. https:\/\/open.nytimes.com\/introducing-the-news-provenance-project-723dbaf07c44."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-5978(02)00021-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Motivated reasoning in the perceived credibility of public opinion polls. Public opinion quarterly 81, 2","author":"Kuru Ozan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozan Kuru, Josh Pasek, and Michael W Traugott. 2017. Motivated reasoning in the perceived credibility of public opinion polls. Public opinion quarterly 81, 2 (2017), 422--446."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512731.3534210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668152.2668154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David MJ Lazer Matthew A Baum Yochai Benkler Adam J Berinsky Kelly M Greenhill Filippo Menczer Miriam J Metzger Brendan Nyhan Gordon Pennycook David Rothschild et al. 2018. The science of fake news. Science 359 6380 (2018) 1094--1096.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2022.2163413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2876837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Computation Journalism Symposium","author":"Matatov Hana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hana Matatov, Adina Bechhofer, Lora Aroyo, Ofra Amir, and Mor Naaman. 2018. DejaVu: a system for journalists to collaboratively address visual misinformation. In Computation Journalism Symposium. Miami."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15)","author":"Melara Marcela S.","unstructured":"Marcela S. Melara, Aaron Blankstein, Joseph Bonneau, Edward W. Felten, and Michael J. Freedman. 2015. CONIKS: Bringing Key Transparency to End Users. In 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15). USENIX Association, Washington, D.C., 383--398. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity15\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/melara"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2013.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2010.01488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Minimum Spanning Technologies Limited. 2020. Store data permanently. https:\/\/www.arweave.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Fake news on social media: People believe what they want to believe when it makes no sense at all. Kelley School of Business research paper 18--87","author":"Moravec Patricia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patricia Moravec, Randall Minas, and Alan R Dennis. 2018. Fake news on social media: People believe what they want to believe when it makes no sense at all. Kelley School of Business research paper 18--87 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2865674"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 17)","author":"Nikitin Kirill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirill Nikitin, Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Nicolas Gailly, Linus Gasser, Ismail Khoffi, Justin Cappos, and Bryan Ford. 2017. CHAINIAC: Proactive Software-Update Transparency via Collectively Signed Skipchains and Verified Builds. In 26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 17). USENIX Association, Vancouver, BC, 1271--1287. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity17\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/nikitin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2022. 2011 Census. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/census\/2011census."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Barbara Ortutay. 2021. What's in a tag? Twitter revamps misinformation labels. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/health-coronavirus-pandemic-election-2020-misinformation-technology-37cee761758f1072f91e1a362f769f5e."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2015.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512929"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPhot.2012.6215223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"Partnership on AI. 2023. PAI's Responsible Practices for Synthetic Media. https:\/\/syntheticmedia.partnershiponai.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological science 31, 7","author":"Pennycook Gordon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon Pennycook, Jonathon McPhetres, Yunhao Zhang, Jackson G Lu, and David G Rand. 2020. Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological science 31, 7 (2020), 770--780."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Who falls for fake news? The roles of analytic thinking, motivated reasoning, political ideology, and bullshit receptivity","volume":"88","author":"Pennycook Gordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gordon Pennycook and David G Rand. 2017. Who falls for fake news? The roles of analytic thinking, motivated reasoning, political ideology, and bullshit receptivity. SSRN Electronic Journal 88, 2 (2017), 1--63.","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806781116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP.2018.8547050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30114-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.855406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","unstructured":"Project Origin. 2020. Project Origin - Protecting Trusted Media. https:\/\/www.originproject.info\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 8821--8831","author":"Ramesh Aditya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh, Mikhail Pavlov, Gabriel Goh, Scott Gray, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Mark Chen, and Ilya Sutskever. 2021. Zero-shot text-to-image generation. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 8821--8831."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2508214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167287134013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","unstructured":"Mark D. Ryan. 2013. Enhanced certificate transparency and end-to-end encrypted mail. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2013\/595. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2013\/595 https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2013\/595."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511808.3557279"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Fake images: The effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online. New media & society 21, 2","author":"Shen Cuihua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuihua Shen, Mona Kasra, Wenjing Pan, Grace A Bassett, Yining Malloch, and James F O'Brien. 2019. Fake images: The effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online. New media & society 21, 2 (2019), 438--463."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501654.2501661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3471621.3471860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Workshop Proceedings of the 16th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.","author":"Sidnam-Mauch Emily","unstructured":"Emily Sidnam-Mauch, Bernat Ivancsics, Ayana Monroe, Eve Washington, Errol Francis II, Kelly Caine, Joseph Bonneau, and Susan E. McGregor. 2022. Usable Cryptographic Provenance: A Proactive Complement to Fact-Checking for Mitigating Misinformation. In Workshop Proceedings of the 16th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew C Stamm and KJ Ray Liu. 2010. Forensic estimation and reconstruction of a contrast enhancement mapping.. In ICASSP. Citeseer 1698--1701.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2010.5495488"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","unstructured":"Starling Lab. 2022. Starling Lab. https:\/\/www.starlinglab.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","volume-title":"Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021","author":"Stransky Christian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christian Stransky, Dominik Wermke, Johanna Schrader, Nicolas Huaman, Yasemin Acar, Anna Lena Fehlhaber, Miranda Wei, Blase Ur, and Sascha Fahl. 2021. On the Limited Impact of Visualizing Encryption: Perceptions of E2E Messaging Security. In Seventeenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2021). USENIX Association, 437--454. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2021\/presentation\/stransky"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","unstructured":"The Observers. 2018. Why the way an image is cropped can change everything. https:\/\/observers.france24.com\/en\/20180824-verification-guide-cropped-photo-video."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","unstructured":"TinEye. 2022. TinEye Reverse Image Search. https:\/\/tineye.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","unstructured":"Twitter Developer Platform. 2022. Summary Card. https:\/\/developer.twitter.com\/en\/docs\/twitter-for-websites\/cards\/overview\/summary."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","unstructured":"Twitter Help Center. 2022. About Birdwatch on Twitter. https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/using-twitter\/birdwatch."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","unstructured":"Twitter Help Center. 2022. Synthetic and manipulated media policy. https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/manipulated-media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"Nirvan Tyagi Ben Fisch Joseph Bonneau and Stefano Tessaro. 2021. Client-Auditable Verifiable Registries. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2021\/627. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2021\/627 https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2021\/627."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. Data. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data.html. Accessed: 2022-03--18."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","unstructured":"W3C. 2013. PROV-Overview. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/prov-overview\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","volume-title":"A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories. Psychonomic bulletin & review 9, 3","author":"Wade Kimberley A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kimberley A Wade, Maryanne Garry, J Don Read, and D Stephen Lindsay. 2002. A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories. Psychonomic bulletin & review 9, 3 (2002), 597--603."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7532339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159677"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UYMS54260.2021.9659779"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SKG.2018.00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","first-page":"486","article-title":"How to detect unauthorised usage of a key","volume":"2015","author":"Yu Jiangshan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiangshan Yu, Mark Ryan, and Cas Cremers. 2015. How to detect unauthorised usage of a key. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2015 (2015), 486.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188731"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","unstructured":"Michael Zhang. 2012. The Kent State Massacre Photo and the Case of the Missing Pole. https:\/\/petapixel.com\/2012\/08\/29\/the-kent-state-massacre-photo-and-the-case-of-the-missing-pole\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00116"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3610061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:25:41Z","timestamp":1755750341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3610061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3610061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}