{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:40:19Z","timestamp":1770493219506,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2128642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2128642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conspiracy theories in online spaces, such as anti-vaccination or QAnon, present a unique amalgamation of misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda disguised in entertaining, attention-grabbing content that may appeal to peoples' cultural, moral, or social identities. Studies aiming to understand how people may engage with conspiracy theory content online, or how they may lose belief in conspiracy theories often approach research from a purely theoretical or empirical point of view. In this work, through in-depth interviews with former believers of more than 12 conspiracy theories, with experiences across almost two decades and numerous online platforms, we aim to contribute an understanding of how various online and offline factors synergize to shape a user's engagement, tenure, and disengagement in online conspiracy theorizing. We further investigate how some users recover from conspiracy theorizing with the help of online recovery communities. We find how pre-existing biases and predispositions towards conspiracy theorizing often carry over in online spaces where a user's conspiracy theory worldviews further evolve through content recommendations, interactions in online communities, and socially-primed self-reflections. We also find reasons, such as exposure to inconsistencies in theories or toxicity and anti-social attitudes in online spaces, through which users get disillusioned from conspiracy theories. Our work has implications in bringing forward often unobserved impacts of internet-mediated conspiracy theorizing on the believers---the resulting mental health issues such as depression, distrust and anxiety, and social isolation---which is comparable to the indoctrination trauma. Moreover, our interviews reveal an important role played by online communities in helping users recover from conspiracy theory beliefs by finding empathy and solidarity in fellow former believers. We conclude by providing a path forward for how social computing researchers can contribute online community designs that aid existing issues surrounding safety, inclusivity, and lack of resources in existing online conspiracy theory recovery communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3610076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1696434850000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Learning from the Ex-Believers: Individuals' Journeys In and Out of Conspiracy Theories Online"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4275-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Engel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0524-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Phadke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanushree","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Current Research on Peace and Violence","volume":"11","author":"Aho James A","year":"1988","unstructured":"James A Aho. 1988. Out of hate: A sociology of defection from neo-Nazism. Current Research on Peace and Violence, Vol. 11, 4 (1988)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychological medicine","author":"Allington Daniel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniel Allington, Bobby Duffy, Simon Wessely, Nayana Dhavan, and James Rubin. 2021. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychological medicine, Vol. 51, 10 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The QAnon conspiracy theory: A security threat in the making. CTC Sentinel","author":"Amarasingam Amarnath","unstructured":"Amarnath Amarasingam and Marc-Andr\u00e9 Argentino. [n.,d.]. The QAnon conspiracy theory: A security threat in the making. CTC Sentinel, Vol. 13, 7 ( [n.,d.])."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1386\/macp_00020_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Perspectives on Terrorism","volume":"13","author":"B\u00e9rub\u00e9 Maxime","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maxime B\u00e9rub\u00e9, Ryan Scrivens, Vivek Venkatesh, and Tiana Gaudette. 2019. Converging Patterns in Pathways in and out of Violent Extremism. Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 13, 6 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, and Walter Quattrociocchi.","author":"Bessi Alessandro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alessandro Bessi, Mauro Coletto, George Alexandru Davidescu, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, and Walter Quattrociocchi. 2015. Science vs conspiracy: Collective narratives in the age of misinformation. PloS ONE, Vol. 10, 2 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Sang Won Lee, and Tanushree Mitra","author":"Bhuiyan Md Momen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Md Momen Bhuiyan, Michael Horning, Sang Won Lee, and Tanushree Mitra. 2021. NudgeCred: Supporting News Credibility Assessment on Social Media Through Nudges. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, CSCW2 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Leaving terrorism behind","author":"Bj\u00f8rgo Tore","unstructured":"Tore Bj\u00f8rgo. 2008. Processes of disengagement from violent groups of the extreme right. In Leaving terrorism behind. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215588814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"The psychological impact of viewing the film\" JFK\": Emotions, beliefs, and political behavioral intentions. Political psychology","author":"Butler Lisa D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lisa D Butler, Cheryl Koopman, and Philip G Zimbardo. 1995. The psychological impact of viewing the film\" JFK\": Emotions, beliefs, and political behavioral intentions. Political psychology, Vol. 16, 2 (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Conspiracy Theories","author":"Clarke Steve","unstructured":"Steve Clarke. 2019. Conspiracy theories and conspiracy theorizing. In Conspiracy Theories. Routledge, 77--92."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Dienst. 2019. Accused Mob Boss Killer Followed QAnon Thought He Had President Trump's Support Filing Says. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191227065043\/https:\/\/www.nbcnewyork.com\/news\/local\/mob-killer-trump-qanon-cali-comello\/1525252\/ (Accessed on 12\/27\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2389176.2389218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Becoming an ex: The process of role exit","author":"Ebaugh Helen Rose","unstructured":"Helen Rose Ebaugh and Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh. 1988. Becoming an ex: The process of role exit. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"A theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"Festinger Leon","unstructured":"Leon Festinger. 1962. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Vol. 2. Stanford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"When prophecy fails: A social and psychological study of a modern group that predicted the destruction of the world","author":"Festinger Leon","unstructured":"Leon Festinger, Henry Riecken, and Stanley Schachter. 2017. When prophecy fails: A social and psychological study of a modern group that predicted the destruction of the world. Lulu Press, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Noort","author":"Franks Bradley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bradley Franks, Adrian Bangerter, Martin W. Bauer, Matthew Hall, and Mark C. Noort. 2017. Beyond \"monologicality\"? Exploring conspiracist worldviews. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 8 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Major Garrett. 2021. Capitol riot exposes reach of QAnon disinformation: \"It was a drug\" - CBS News. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/qanon-capitol-riot-reach\/. (Accessed on 08\/26\/2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"QAnon Conspiracy Theory: Examining its Evolution and Mechanisms of Radicalization. Journal for Deradicalization 26","author":"Garry Amanda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amanda Garry, Samantha Walther, Rukaya Rukaya, and Ayan Mohammed. 2021. QAnon Conspiracy Theory: Examining its Evolution and Mechanisms of Radicalization. Journal for Deradicalization 26 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"David Gilbert. 2022. The JFK QAnon Cult in Dallas Is Somehow Getting Weirder. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/g5qwb3\/jfk-qanon-dallas-cult-growing. (Accessed on 05\/05\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Political Psychology","volume":"15","author":"Goertzel Ted","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ted Goertzel. 1994. Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, Vol. 15, 4 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-013-9165-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Richard Hofstadter. 2012. The paranoid style in American politics. Vintage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Outcomes of online support and resources for cancer survivors: a systematic literature review. Patient education and counseling","author":"Hong Yan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan Hong, Ninfa C Pena-Purcell, and Marcia G Ory. 2012. Outcomes of online support and resources for cancer survivors: a systematic literature review. Patient education and counseling, Vol. 86, 3 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Contextualizing Disengagement: How Exit Barriers Shape the Pathways Out of Far-Right Extremism in the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism","author":"Jensen Michael","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michael Jensen, Patrick James, and Elizabeth Yates. 2020. Contextualizing Disengagement: How Exit Barriers Shape the Pathways Out of Far-Right Extremism in the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Jigsaw. 2021. Conspiracy Theories. The Current 005. https:\/\/jigsaw.google.com\/the-current\/conspiracy-theories\/#new-perspectives. (Accessed on 05\/16\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Douglas","author":"Jolley Daniel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daniel Jolley and Karen M. Douglas. 2014. The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, 2 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580846"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Unite the right? How YouTube's recommendation algorithm connects the US far-right. D&S Media Manipulation","author":"Kaiser Jonas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jonas Kaiser and Adrian Rauchfleisch. 2018. Unite the right? How YouTube's recommendation algorithm connects the US far-right. D&S Media Manipulation (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","article-title":"Conspiracy Stereotypes of Jews During Systemic Transformation in Poland","volume":"35","author":"Kofta Miroslaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miroslaw Kofta and Grzegorz Sedek. 2005. Conspiracy Stereotypes of Jews During Systemic Transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, Vol. 35, 1 (2005).","journal-title":"International Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00380253.2019.1625733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157846"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Recovering from Racism: Why and How White Supremacists Quit Hate. Ph.,D. Dissertation","author":"Liguori Jackson Beach","unstructured":"Jackson Beach Liguori. 2021. Recovering from Racism: Why and How White Supremacists Quit Hate. Ph.,D. Dissertation. Arizona State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Doha Madani Andrew Blankstein and Ben Collins. 2021. California dad killed his kids over QAnon and 'serpent DNA' conspiracy theories feds claim. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220108202950\/https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us-news\/california-dad-killed-his-kids-over-qanon-serpent-dna-conspiracy-n1276611 (Accessed on 01\/08\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Mapping communication about 10 conspiracy theories, their communities, and main propagators on Twitter","author":"Mahl Daniela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniela Mahl, Jing Zeng, and Mike S Sch\"afer. 2021. From ?Nasa Lies\" to ?Reptilian Eyes\": Mapping communication about 10 conspiracy theories, their communities, and main propagators on Twitter. Social Media Society, Vol. 7, 2 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439320965107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"William Mansell. 2020. Man pleads guilty to terrorism charge after blocking Hoover Dam bridge with armored truck. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200224161228\/https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/man-pleads-guilty-terrorism-charge-blocking-bridge-armored\/story?id=68955385 (Accessed on 02\/24\/2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"belonging and leaving--Exit processes among young neo-Nazis in Sweden. Journal for deradicalization 16","author":"Mattson Christer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christer Mattson and Thomas Johansson. 2018. Becoming, belonging and leaving--Exit processes among young neo-Nazis in Sweden. Journal for deradicalization 16 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.5.637"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedic handbook of cults in America","author":"Melton J Gordon","unstructured":"J Gordon Melton. 2014. Encyclopedic handbook of cults in America. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"10","author":"Mitra Tanushree","unstructured":"Tanushree Mitra, Scott Counts, and James W Pennebaker. [n.,d.]. Understanding anti-vaccination attitudes in social media. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking","author":"Nabi Robin L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robin L Nabi, Abby Prestin, and Jiyeon So. 2013. Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, Vol. 16, 10 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Research methods for social justice and equity in education","author":"Parson Laura","unstructured":"Laura Parson. 2019. Considering positionality: The ethics of conducting research with marginalized groups. In Research methods for social justice and equity in education. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3432922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19333"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Melissa Quinn. 2021. FBI says followers of QAnon conspiracy theory could engage in \"violent action\". https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210615181319\/https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/qanon-conspiracy-real-world-violence-fbi\/ (Accessed on 06\/15\/2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Beth Goldberg, Steve Rathje, and Stephan Lewandowsky.","author":"Roozenbeek Jon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jon Roozenbeek, Sander Van Der Linden, Beth Goldberg, Steve Rathje, and Stephan Lewandowsky. 2022. Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media. Science advances, Vol. 8, 34 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Jake Rosen. 2021. Former QAnon believer says following the conspiracy \"was absolutely a drug\" - CBS News. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/qanon-conspiracy-believer-drug\/. (Accessed on 07\/04\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"The sociology of the Ayn Rand cult","author":"Rothbard Murray Newton","unstructured":"Murray Newton Rothbard and Jr Llewellyn H Rockwell. 1987. The sociology of the Ayn Rand cult. Liberty Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"2","author":"Samory Mattia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mattia Samory and Tanushree Mitra. 2018b. 'The Government Spies Using Our Webcams' The Language of Conspiracy Theories in Online Discussions. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 2, CSCW (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14878"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2022.104229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49570-1_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Why nudge?: The politics of libertarian paternalism","author":"Sunstein Cass R","unstructured":"Cass R Sunstein. 2014. Why nudge?: The politics of libertarian paternalism. Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders","author":"Sutton RM","unstructured":"RM Sutton and KM Douglas. 2014. Examining the monological nature of conspiracy theories. In Power, politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology","volume":"24","author":"Swami Viren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viren Swami, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, and Adrian Furnham. 2010a. Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9\/11 conspiracist beliefs. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 24, 6 (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"British Journal of Psychology","volume":"102","author":"Swami Viren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viren Swami, Rebecca Coles, Stefan Stieger, Jakob Pietschnig, Adrian Furnham, Sherry Rehim, and Martin Voracek. 2010b. Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious conspiracy theories. British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 102 (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.2010.02004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Thomas Ulrich. 2022. How Social Media Contributes to Vaccine Hesitancy | Technology Networks. https:\/\/www.technologynetworks.com\/vaccines\/news\/how-social-media-contributes-to-vaccine-hesitancy-358752. (Accessed on 05\/05\/2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Pollet","author":"van Prooijen Jan-Willem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Andr\u00e9 P. M. Krouwel, and Thomas V. Pollet. 2015. Political Extremism Predicts Belief in Conspiracy Theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, Vol. 6, 5 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"The challenge of leaving religion and becoming secular. The Oxford Handbook of secularism","author":"Winell Marlene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marlene Winell. 2016. The challenge of leaving religion and becoming secular. The Oxford Handbook of secularism. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2057150X16633579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci. 2021. Knight Columbia Top 100 Social Media Platforms. https:\/\/github.com\/knightcolumbia\/top-100-social-media. (Accessed on 10\/11\/2021)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3610076","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3610076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:18:24Z","timestamp":1755749904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3610076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3610076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}