{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:18:07Z","timestamp":1781335087704,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Research Topics for the Key Laboratory of Statistics and Data Science Frontiers Theory and Applications, Ministry of Educationr 2023","award":["KLATASDS2306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLATASDS2306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper zooms in on a particularly precarious and largely invisibilized group of care workers: middle-aged and less-educated female migrant workers from rural China. Drawing from a mixed-methods study, we specifically examine how the extensive use of data-driven technologies impacts care workers' wellbeing in the workplace. Our findings suggest the extensive use of data-driven healthcare technologies are eroding care workers' workplace wellbeing, especially their sense of identity, agency, and perceived justice. Specifically, in the data-driven workplace, care workers are treated as a servant to data, instead of a human with agency and knowledge. They are no merely care workers who provide various care services for care receivers, but also data workers, whose practices and agency are greatly limited by data. This aggravates preexisting hardship of care workers, and reproduces new social injustice. We suggest CSCW researchers and practitioners take into account how pre-existing social structures shaped the designs of socio-technological systems, and reconceptualize the paradigm of \"data-drivenness\" for more just and ethical data-driven healthcare technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3610178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1696434850000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Care Workers' Wellbeing in Data-Driven Healthcare Workplace: Identity, Agency, and Social Justice"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuling","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Lindtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4723-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Conference on Datafication of Healthcare Transforming practices, roles, and knowledge. https:\/\/conferences.au.dk\/datafication2018\/.","author":"AARHUS","year":"2018","unstructured":"AARHUS UNIVERSITY. 2018. Conference on Datafication of Healthcare Transforming practices, roles, and knowledge. https:\/\/conferences.au.dk\/datafication2018\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"AARP. 2015. Caregiving in the U.S. https:\/\/www.aarp.org\/content\/dam\/aarp\/ppi\/2015\/caregiving-in-the-us-research-report-2015.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/QROM-11--2018--1696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Interactions XXVIII.4","author":"Avle Seyram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seyram Avle and Sarah Fox. 2021. Tech Labor. Interactions XXVIII.4 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219864730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Caregiver Shortage Could Mean 7.8 Million Unfilled Jobs By","author":"Bryant Bailey","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bailey Bryant. 2019. Caregiver Shortage Could Mean 7.8 Million Unfilled Jobs By 2026. https:\/\/homehealthcarenews.com\/2019\/01\/caregiver-shortage-could-mean-7--8-million-unfilled-jobs-by-2026\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.6.772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2441776.2441789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Caregiver shortage reaches critical stage","volume":"43","author":"Chew Cassiem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cassiem Chew. 2017. Caregiver shortage reaches critical stage. Provider 43 (2017), 14--28.","journal-title":"Provider"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--1--4614--5583--7_311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149--2063(99)00006--9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Charles Davenport. 2020. What the Senior Caregiver Shortage Means for the Eldercare Industry. https:\/\/americanhealthcarejournal.com\/2020\/10\/30\/what-the-senior-caregiver-shortage-means-for-the-eldercare-industry\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The 14th Five-Year Plan and the Vision 2035 of China. https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/202103\/t20210323_1270124.html?code=&state=123","author":"National Development and Reform Commission. 2021.","unstructured":"National Development and Reform Commission. 2021. The 14th Five-Year Plan and the Vision 2035 of China. https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/202103\/t20210323_1270124.html?code=&state=123."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"An overview of long-term care","volume":"6","author":"Doty Pamela","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pamela Doty, Korbin Liu and Joshua Wiener. 1985. An overview of long-term care. Health Care Financing Review (Health Care Financ Rev) 6, 3 (1985), 69.","journal-title":"Health Care Financing Review (Health Care Financ Rev)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/43.4.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745--7599.2008.00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Virginia Eubanks (Ed.). 2018. Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile police and punish the poor. St. Martin's Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180437d87"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cynthiad Fisher. 2014. Conceptualizing and measuring wellbeing at work. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118539415.wbwell018.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118539415.wbwell018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-012--9168-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2007.26421238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/62266.62273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353--4858(17)30081--8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2617574"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/240080.240342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2020.1733842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1373151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Michaelr Kidd and Sebastian Garde (Ed.)","author":"Hovenga Evelynjs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evelynjs Hovenga, Michaelr Kidd and Sebastian Garde (Ed.). 2010. Health informatics: an overview. Ios Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Data mining in healthcare: decision making and precision","volume":"6","author":"Ionut Taranu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taranu Ionut. 2016. Data mining in healthcare: decision making and precision. Database Systems Journal 6, 4 (2016), 33--40.","journal-title":"Database Systems Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Izhaohu. The Introduction of Izhaohu. http:\/\/www.izhaohu.com\/#\/about\/company."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Pseudoarbejde: Hvordan vi fik travlt med at lave ingenting. Gyldendal Business.","author":"Jensen Andersfogh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersfogh Jensen and Dennis Normark (Ed.). 2018. Pseudoarbejde: Hvordan vi fik travlt med at lave ingenting. Gyldendal Business."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3462204.3481734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-02--2022-0079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2015.259109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840620970728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM.2014.6999219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1958824.1958897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2016.1143726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3304652.3304825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2015.1087061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Who Does the Work of Data? Health Matters","author":"Moller Naja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naja Moller and Trine Nielsen. 2020. Who Does the Work of Data? Health Matters (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-007--9065--6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1353652"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"How to Build a Culture of Health and Wellness at Work. Great Place to Work","author":"Julie MUSILEK.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julie MUSILEK. 2019. How to Build a Culture of Health and Wellness at Work. Great Place to Work (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Ann Netten. 2014. Measuring social care outcomes: How the ASCOT toolkit helps services improve people's lives. https:\/\/www.pssru40.org.uk\/ascot."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Sohu News. 2019. For the Shortage of Elderly Caregiver how can We Keep the Caregivers? https:\/\/www.sohu.com\/a\/306725613_825955."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Xinhua News. 2020. We need more caregivers. http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/politics\/2020-09\/03\/c_1126446000.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Xinhua News. 2019. Elderly Caregivers with \"no Educational Requirements\" but \"Strict Occupational Skills Standards\". http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/fortune\/2019--11\/01\/c_1125179013.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Renmin News. 2020. Technologies Supported Chinese Ageing Care. http:\/\/www.stdaily.com\/cehua\/qzcyj\/2020--10\/20\/content_1030006.shtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Renmin News. 2021. Building Full-coverage High-quality Professional and Sustainable Ageing Care Facilities to Cope with Ageing Boom. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2021-04\/01\/content_5597224.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Xinhua News. 2018. How to stop elder maltreatment in the facilities. http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/2018-06\/30\/c_1123057931.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2019.8791885"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3185364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"General Office of the State Council of China. 2020. Notice on the Strategies of Improving Seniors' Capability of Using Digital Technologies. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2020--11\/24\/content_5563804.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Copenhagen: Saxo.","author":"Olesen Jes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jes Olesen (Ed.). 2018. Det syge v\u00e6sen: Hvordan det kan helbredes (The sick creature: How it can be cured). Copenhagen: Saxo."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"International Labour Organization. Workplace well-being. https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/safework\/areasofwork\/workplace-health-promotion-and-well-being\/WCMS_118396\/lang--en\/index.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2015. China country assessment report on ageing and health. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/194271."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531652"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"PSSRU. ASCOT-Carer. https:\/\/www.pssru.ac.uk\/ascot\/projects\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davide Ravasi and Anna Canato. (Ed.). 2010. We are what we do (and how we do it): Organizational technologies and the construction of organizational identity. Technology and organization: Essays in honour of Joan Woodward Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S0733-558X(2010)0000029011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42486-019-00007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber's drivers","volume":"10","author":"Rosenblat Alex","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark. 2016. Algorithmic labor and information asymmetries: A case study of Uber's drivers. International Journal of Communication 10 (2016), 27.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102116-041244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AH042710111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.23.2215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"International journal of business and social science 5, 12","author":"Simone Stefania De","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stefania De Simone. 2014. Conceptualizing wellbeing in the workplace. International journal of business and social science 5, 12 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"SQUARE. 2016. 7 Key Factors for Workplace Well-Being. https:\/\/squareup.com\/us\/en\/townsquare\/7-key-factors-for-workplace-well-being."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Shanghai Statistics Bureau. 2020. The Salary of Shanghai. http:\/\/tjj.sh.gov.cn\/tjxw\/20200629\/fc54a4124e70400098921b6fc5680e1e.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125619867910"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Richard Trenholm. 2021. Coded Bias review: Eye-opening Netflix doc faces racist technology. https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/coded-bias-review-eye-opening-netflix-documentary-faces-up-to-racist-tech\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Craige Kuziemsky, Eman Leung and Youhuafrank Chen.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zoieshui-yee Wong, Christian N O Hr, Craige Kuziemsky, Eman Leung and Youhuafrank Chen. 2017. Context Sensitive Health Informatics: Delivering 21st Century Healthcare-Building a Quality-and-Efficiency Driven System. In Context Sensitive Health Informatices: Redesigning Healthcare Work, 1--5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD49262.2021.9437812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11310280-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2018.8465191"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3610178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T04:20:11Z","timestamp":1755750011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3610178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3610178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3610178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}