{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:32:46Z","timestamp":1756308766169,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Research Group on Decentralizing the Internet (DINRG) hosted a workshop on\n            <jats:italic>Centralization in the Internet<\/jats:italic>\n            on June 3, 2021. The workshop focused on painting a broad-brush landscape of the Internet centralization problem space: its starting point, its driving force, together with an articulation on what can and should be done.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3610381.3610386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T20:08:51Z","timestamp":1689797331000},"page":"31-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Report of 2021 DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Huitema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Octopus, USA"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Huston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APNIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Kutscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HKUST(GZ), China"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Research Group. DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet: Workshop Material. Online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/session\/dinrg","author":"DIN","year":"2021","unstructured":"DIN Research Group. DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet: Workshop Material. Online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/session\/dinrg , June 2021 . This web page includes Workshop Agenda, Workshop presentation slies, and all workshop submissions. DIN Research Group. DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet: Workshop Material. Online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/session\/dinrg, June 2021. This web page includes Workshop Agenda, Workshop presentation slies, and all workshop submissions."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"June","author":"Huston Geoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geoff Huston . Is \"Big\" Necessarily \"Bad\"? Online : https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/materials\/slides-interim-2021-dinrg-01-sessa-centrality-in-the-internet-geoff-huston-00 , June 2021 . Geoff Huston. Is \"Big\" Necessarily \"Bad\"? Online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/materials\/slides-interim-2021-dinrg-01-sessa-centrality-in-the-internet-geoff-huston-00, June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"January","author":"Zuboff Shoshana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shoshana Zuboff . The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Online: https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Age-Surveillance-Capitalism-Future-Frontier\/dp\/1610395697 , January 2019 . Shoshana Zuboff. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Online: https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Age-Surveillance-Capitalism-Future-Frontier\/dp\/1610395697, January 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"May","author":"European Commission","year":"2018","unstructured":"European Commission . The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Online: https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/law\/law-topic\/data-protection\/data-protection-eu_en#fundamental-rights , May 2018 . European Commission. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Online: https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/law\/law-topic\/data-protection\/data-protection-eu_en#fundamental-rights, May 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"June","author":"Huitema Christian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christian Huitema . How Does Centralization Start? Online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/materials\/slides-interim-2021-dinrg-01-sessa-christian-huitema-how-does-centralization-start-00 , June 2021 . Christian Huitema. How Does Centralization Start? Online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/meeting\/interim-2021-dinrg-01\/materials\/slides-interim-2021-dinrg-01-sessa-christian-huitema-how-does-centralization-start-00, June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23738871.2020.1740753?needAccess=true"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"4948","author":"Andersson Loa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loa Andersson , Elwyn B. Davies , and Lixia Zhang . Report from the IAB workshop on Unwanted Traffic March 9--10 , 2006 . RFC 4948 , August 2007. Loa Andersson, Elwyn B. Davies, and Lixia Zhang. Report from the IAB workshop on Unwanted Traffic March 9--10, 2006. RFC 4948, August 2007.","journal-title":"Unwanted Traffic March 9--10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Understanding the Mirai botnet","author":"Antonakakis Manos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manos Antonakakis , Tim April , Michael Bailey , Matt Bernhard , Elie Bursztein , Jaime Cochran , Zakir Durumeric , J. Alex Halderman , Luca Invernizzi , Michalis Kallitsis , Deepak Kumar , Chaz Lever , Zane Ma , Joshua Mason , Damian Menscher , Chad Seaman , Nick Sullivan , Kurt Thomas , and Yi Zhou . Understanding the Mirai botnet . USENIX Association , 2017 . Manos Antonakakis, Tim April, Michael Bailey, Matt Bernhard, Elie Bursztein, Jaime Cochran, Zakir Durumeric, J. Alex Halderman, Luca Invernizzi, Michalis Kallitsis, Deepak Kumar, Chaz Lever, Zane Ma, Joshua Mason, Damian Menscher, Chad Seaman, Nick Sullivan, Kurt Thomas, and Yi Zhou. Understanding the Mirai botnet. USENIX Association, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"2021 ICCCNT","author":"Alkhadra Rahaf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahaf Alkhadra , Joud Abuzaid , Mariam AlShammari , and Nazeeruddin Mohammad . Solar winds hack: In-depth analysis and countermeasures . In 2021 ICCCNT , 2021 . Rahaf Alkhadra, Joud Abuzaid, Mariam AlShammari, and Nazeeruddin Mohammad. Solar winds hack: In-depth analysis and countermeasures. In 2021 ICCCNT, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"July","author":"Bellovin Steve","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steve Bellovin . PRIVACY: MODERN CONCERNS. Online: https:\/\/www.cs.columbia.edu\/~smb\/talks\/ietf-privacy.pdf , July 2019 . IETF 105 Plenary Presentation . Steve Bellovin. PRIVACY: MODERN CONCERNS. Online: https:\/\/www.cs.columbia.edu\/~smb\/talks\/ietf-privacy.pdf, July 2019. IETF 105 Plenary Presentation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet: video recording. Online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/1kbSbVjb1ZU","author":"DINRG.","year":"2021","unstructured":"DINRG. DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet: video recording. Online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/1kbSbVjb1ZU , June 2021 . DINRG. DINRG Workshop on Centralization in the Internet: video recording. 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Online: https:\/\/pluralistic.net\/2022\/02\/14\/externalities\/#dshr, February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"IETF Secretariat","author":"Nottingham Mark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mark Nottingham . Centralization, decentralization , and internet standards. Internet-Draft draft-nottingham-avoiding-internet-centralization-05 , IETF Secretariat , July 2022 . https:\/\/www.ietf.org\/archive\/id\/draft-nottingham-avoiding-internet-centralization-05.txt. Mark Nottingham. Centralization, decentralization, and internet standards. 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