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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most digital bodily games focus on the body as they use movement as input. However, they also draw the player\u2019s focus away from the body as the output occurs on visual displays, creating a divide between the physical body and the virtual world. We propose a novel approach \u2013 the \"Body as a Play Material\" \u2013 where a player uses their body as both input and output to unify the physical body and the virtual world. To showcase this approach, we designed three games where a player uses one of their hands (input) to play against the other hand (output) by loaning control over its movements to an Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) system. We conducted a thematic analysis on the data obtained from a field study with 12 participants to articulate four player experience themes. We discuss our results about how participants appreciated the engagement with the variety of bodily movements for play and the ambiguity of using their body as a play material. Ultimately, our work aims to unify the physical body and the virtual world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3611054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T15:28:28Z","timestamp":1696433308000},"page":"893-918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Auto-Paizo Games: Towards Understanding the Design of Games That Aim to Unify a Player\u2019s Physical Body and the Virtual World"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Patibanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2625-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2844-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aryan","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5529-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6571-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrii","family":"Matviienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden \/ Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarrod","family":"Knibbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0888-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"van den Hoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia \/ Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian \u2018Floyd\u2019","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/electronics-semiconductors\/2022\/08\/03\/vibration-test-and-simulation-in-electronics-design\/ Accessed","year":"2023","unstructured":"2022. https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/electronics-semiconductors\/2022\/08\/03\/vibration-test-and-simulation-in-electronics-design\/ Accessed January 25, 2023 . 2022. https:\/\/blogs.sw.siemens.com\/electronics-semiconductors\/2022\/08\/03\/vibration-test-and-simulation-in-electronics-design\/ Accessed January 25, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.102370"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2663806.2663838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2020.1754214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2012.688468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Level Up \u2013 CD-ROM Proceedings of Digital Games Research Conference","author":"Bj\u00f6rk Staffan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Staffan Bj\u00f6rk and Jussi Holopainen . 2003. 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