{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:06:28Z","timestamp":1772643988799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001257","name":"National Geographic Society Education Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011232","name":"MCubed, University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Monarch Butterfly Fund Flight Challenge"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2045017, 2043017, 1736249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2045017, 2043017, 1736249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Each fall, millions of monarch butterflies across the northern US and Canada migrate up to 4,000km to overwinter in specific mountain peaks in central Mexico. To track monarchs precisely and study their navigation, a monarch tracker must obtain daily localization of the butterfly as it progresses on its three-month journey. And, the tracker must perform this task while having a weight in the tens of milligrams (mg) and measuring a few millimeters (mm) in size to avoid interfering with the monarch's flight. This paper proposes mSAIL, 8 \u00d7 8 \u00d7 2.6mm and 62mg embedded system for monarch migration tracking, constructed using 8 prior custom-designed ICs providing solar energy harvesting, an ultra-low power processor, light\/temperature sensors, power management, and a wireless transceiver, all integrated and 3D stacked on a micro PCB with an 8 \u00d7 8mm printed antenna. The proposed system is designed to record and compress light and temperature data during the migration path while harvesting solar energy for energy autonomy, and wirelessly transmit the data at the overwintering site in Mexico, from which the daily location of the butterfly can be estimated using a deep learning-based localization algorithm. A two-day trial experiment of mSAIL attached to a live butterfly in an outdoor botanical garden demonstrates the feasibility of individual butterfly localization and tracking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3611105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T21:23:46Z","timestamp":1712957026000},"page":"93-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["mSAIL: Milligram-Scale Multi-Modal Sensor Platform for Monarch Butterfly Migration Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Inhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordy","family":"Carichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Shoouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tess","family":"Carichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaechan","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cole R.","family":"Julick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska---Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunseong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristi L.","family":"Montooth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska---Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Delbert A.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hun-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Blaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Comparative success of monarch butterfly migration to overwintering sites in Mexico from inland and coastal sites","volume":"62","author":"Brindza L.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brindza, L.J. et al. Comparative success of monarch butterfly migration to overwintering sites in Mexico from inland and coastal sites. J. Lepid. Soc. 62, 4 (2008), 189\u2013200.","journal-title":"J. Lepid. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.204.4395.847"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuo L. et al. 7.4 a 915mhz asymmetric radio using q-enhanced amplifier for a fully integrated 3\u00d73\u00d73mm3 wireless sensor node with 20m non-line-of-sight communication. In 2017 IEEE Intern. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC). (2017) 132\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2017.7870296"},{"issue":"11069","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"06","article-title":"Miniaturized gps tags identify non-breeding territories of a small breeding migratory songbird","volume":"5","author":"Hallworth M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hallworth, M., and Marra, P. Miniaturized gps tags identify non-breeding territories of a small breeding migratory songbird. Sci. Rep. 5, 11069 (2015), 06.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4379"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1952.273898"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0327"},{"issue":"71","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Incorporating sea-surface temperature to the light-based geolocation model trackit","volume":"419","author":"Lam C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lam, C. et al. Incorporating sea-surface temperature to the light-based geolocation model trackit. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 419, 71\u201384 (2010), 11.","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee I. et al. 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