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Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Tele-operated collaborative robots are used by many children for academic learning. However, as child-directed play is important for social-emotional learning, it is also important to understand how robots can facilitate play. In this article, we present findings from an analysis of a national, multi-year case study, where we explore how 53 children in grades K\u201312 (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 53) used robots for self-directed play activities. The contributions of this article are as follows. First, we present empirical data on novel play scenarios that remote children created using their tele-operated robots. These play scenarios emerged in five categories of play: physical, verbal, visual, extracurricular, and wished-for play. Second, we identify two unique themes that emerged from the data\u2014robot-mediated play as a foundational support of general friendships and as a foundational support of self-expression and identity. Third, our work found that robot-mediated play provided benefits similar to in-person play. Findings from our work will inform novel robot and HRI design for tele-operated and social robots that facilitate self-directed play. Findings will also inform future interdisciplinary studies on robot-mediated play.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3611656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T12:15:10Z","timestamp":1692188110000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Power of Robot-mediated Play: Forming Friendships and Expressing Identity"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6983-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Ahumada-Newhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel D.","family":"Riek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood","author":"Piaget Jean","year":"1962","unstructured":"Jean Piaget. 1962. 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