{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:36:54Z","timestamp":1771047414857,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":103,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, UK Government","award":["300815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641903","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1715416752000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhancing Communication Equity: Evaluation of an Automated Speech Recognition Application in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3303-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gifty","family":"Ayoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Talking Tipps Africa, Ghana"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Barbareschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio Graduate School of Media Design, Keio University, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language and Cognition, UCL, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Disability Innovation Hub, University College London, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1_1","volume-title":"d.]. Google for Africa","year":"2022","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Google for Africa 2022. https:\/\/nextbillionusers.withgoogle.com\/events\/google-4-africa-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Project Relate \u2013 Google Research. https:\/\/sites.research.google\/relate\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"2023. Project Euphonia. https:\/\/sites.research.google\/euphonia\/publications\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"The Deaf Community in Ghana as Technology Adopters. (May","author":"Adeoye F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blessing\u00a0F. Adeoye. 2022. The Deaf Community in Ghana as Technology Adopters. (May 2022). https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/ghanaiandeaf\/chapter\/chapter-2\/ Book Title: Signed languages, interpreting, and the Deaf Community in Ghana and West Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14664208.2019.1582947"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"Paul Kwaku\u00a0Larbi Anderson Johannes Sch\u00e4dler and Lars Wissenbach. [n. d.]. Information and Communication Technology in Rural Healthcare and Social Welfare Service Provision in Ghana-Prospects in the Face of Social Inequalities. social welfare 1 ([n. d.]) 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Stigma, discrimination & marginalization: Gateways to oppression of persons with disabilities in Ghana, West Africa","volume":"3","author":"Baffoe Michael","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michael Baffoe. 2013. Stigma, discrimination & marginalization: Gateways to oppression of persons with disabilities in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Educational and Social Research 3, 1 (2013), 187\u2013198.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational and Social Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CoCoNet.2015.7411243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2003.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"Intelligent Environments","author":"Ballati Fabio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fabio Ballati, Fulvio Corno, and Luigi De\u00a0Russis. 2018. \u201cHey Siri, do you understand me?\u201d: Virtual Assistants and Dysarthria. In Intelligent Environments 2018. IOS Press, 557\u2013566."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3417021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434610701553668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Beukelman Pat Mirenda 1998. Augmentative and alternative communication. Paul H. Brookes Baltimore."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_1","volume-title":"d.]. Parrotron: An end-to-end speech-to-speech conversion model and its applications to hearing-impaired speech and speech separation. arXiv","author":"Biadsy F","year":"2019","unstructured":"F Biadsy, RJ Weiss, PJ Moreno, D Kanvesky, and Y Jia. [n. d.]. Parrotron: An end-to-end speech-to-speech conversion model and its applications to hearing-impaired speech and speech separation. arXiv 2019. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.04169 ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health 11, 4","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health 11, 4 (2019), 589\u2013597."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?Qualitative research in psychology 18, 3","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2021. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?Qualitative research in psychology 18, 3 (2021), 328\u2013352."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_1","volume-title":"Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse studies 7, 4-5","author":"Bucholtz Mary","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall. 2005. Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse studies 7, 4-5 (2005), 585\u2013614."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000511042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_1","volume-title":"The use of speech recognition technology by people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology","author":"Cave Richard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richard Cave and Steven Bloch. 2021. The use of speech recognition technology by people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology (2021), 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"A qualitative study exploring the effect of communicating with partially intelligible speech. Augmentative and Alternative Communication","author":"Clarke Zo\u00eb\u00a0Charlotte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zo\u00eb\u00a0Charlotte Clarke, Simon Judge, Kate Fryer, Stuart Cunningham, Jonathan Toogood, and Mark\u00a0S Hawley. 2023. A qualitative study exploring the effect of communicating with partially intelligible speech. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (2023), 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.743036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2017.1375979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_1","volume-title":"The languages of Ghana","author":"E\u00a0Kropp Dakubu Mary","unstructured":"Mary E\u00a0Kropp Dakubu. 2015. The languages of Ghana. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-019-00085-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v3i0.2151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benoit Favre Kyla Cheung Siavash Kazemian Adam Lee Yang Liu Cosmin Munteanu Ani Nenkova Dennis Ochei Gerald Penn Stephen Tratz 2013. Automatic human utility evaluation of ASR systems: Does WER really predict performance?. In INTERSPEECH. 3463\u20133467.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2013-610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses","author":"Gee James","unstructured":"James Gee. 2015. Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2020.1811944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan\u00a0R Green Robert\u00a0L MacDonald Pan-Pan Jiang Julie Cattiau Rus Heywood Richard Cave Katie Seaver Marilyn\u00a0A Ladewig Jimmy Tobin Michael\u00a0P Brenner 2021. Automatic Speech Recognition of Disordered Speech: Personalized Models Outperforming Human Listeners on Short Phrases.. In Interspeech. 4778\u20134782.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2021-1384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"Service development to meet the needs of\u2019people with communication disabilities","author":"Hartley Sally","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sally Hartley. 1998. Service development to meet the needs of\u2019people with communication disabilities\u2019 in developing countries. Disability and rehabilitation 20, 8 (1998), 277\u2013284."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2209678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_1","volume-title":"Exploring Geographies: DIX in the Global South. In Disability Interactions: Creating Inclusive Innovations","author":"Holloway Catherine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Catherine Holloway and Giulia Barbareschi. 2022. Exploring Geographies: DIX in the Global South. In Disability Interactions: Creating Inclusive Innovations. Springer, 71\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Ghanaian English: Phonology","volume":"4","author":"Huber Magnus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magnus Huber. 2008. Ghanaian English: Phonology. Varieties of English 4 (2008), 67\u201392.","journal-title":"Varieties of English"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07434618.2015.1084042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2737856.2738025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_1","volume-title":"Improving the intelligibility of dysarthric speech. Speech communication 49, 9","author":"Kain B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alexander\u00a0B Kain, John-Paul Hosom, Xiaochuan Niu, Jan\u00a0PH Van\u00a0Santen, Melanie Fried-Oken, and Janice Staehely. 2007. Improving the intelligibility of dysarthric speech. Speech communication 49, 9 (2007), 743\u2013759."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.757803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2018.1556730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915768117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1467971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2021.3091805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2016.1221455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bob MacDonald Pan-Pan Jiang Julie Cattiau Rus Heywood Richard Cave Katie Seaver Marilyn Ladewig Jimmy Tobin Michael Brenner Philip\u00a0Q Nelson 2021. Disordered speech data collection: lessons learned at 1 million utterances from project euphonia. (2021).","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2021-697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_1","volume-title":"Viewing Mobile Health Technology Design Through the Lens of Amplification Theory. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 10, 6","author":"Merid Beza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beza Merid, Maria Cielito\u00a0Robles, Brahmajee\u00a0K Nallamothu, Mark\u00a0W Newman, and Lesli\u00a0E Skolarus. 2022. Viewing Mobile Health Technology Design Through the Lens of Amplification Theory. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 10, 6 (2022), e31069."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1319428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 6462\u20136468","author":"Meyer Josh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Josh Meyer, Lindy Rauchenstein, Joshua\u00a0D Eisenberg, and Nicholas Howell. 2020. Artie bias corpus: An open dataset for detecting demographic bias in speech applications. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. 6462\u20136468."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2011-364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_1","volume-title":"Whistle-blowing ASRs: Evaluating the need for more inclusive speech recognition systems. Interspeech 2018","author":"Moore Meredith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meredith Moore, Hemanth Venkateswara, and Sethuraman Panchanathan. 2018. Whistle-blowing ASRs: Evaluating the need for more inclusive speech recognition systems. Interspeech 2018 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_57_1","volume-title":"Survey of ENT services in sub-Saharan Africa: little progress between 2009 and","author":"Mulwafu Wakisa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wakisa Mulwafu, Robbert Ensink, Hannah Kuper, and Johannes Fagan. 2017. Survey of ENT services in sub-Saharan Africa: little progress between 2009 and 2015. Global health action 10, 1 (2017), 1289736."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_58_1","unstructured":"Monica Murero Salvatore Vita Andrea Mennitto and Giuseppe D\u2019Ancona. 2020. Artificial intelligence for severe speech impairment: innovative approaches to AAC and communication.. In PSYCHOBIT."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2022.2046854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3441852.3471203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_61_1","volume-title":"Native voice, self-concept and the moral case for personalized voice technology. Disability and rehabilitation 39, 1","author":"Nathanson Esther","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esther Nathanson. 2017. Native voice, self-concept and the moral case for personalized voice technology. Disability and rehabilitation 39, 1 (2017), 73\u201381."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287098.3287107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2022.2084893"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_64_1","volume-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in a patient with minimal symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Muscle & nerve 62, 3","author":"Oguz-Akarsu Emel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emel Oguz-Akarsu, Rifat Ozpar, Haci Mirzayev, Nilufer\u00a0Aylin Acet-Ozturk, Bahattin Hakyemez, Dane Ediger, Necdet Karli, and Pandemic\u00a0Study Team. 2020. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in a patient with minimal symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Muscle & nerve 62, 3 (2020), E54\u2013E57."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1673836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2516604.2516623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_68_1","volume-title":"People with disability and access to financial services: Evidence from Ghana. Regional Science Policy & Practice","author":"Peprah James\u00a0Atta","year":"2022","unstructured":"James\u00a0Atta Peprah, Eric\u00a0Atsu Avorkpo, and Evans Kulu. 2022. People with disability and access to financial services: Evidence from Ghana. Regional Science Policy & Practice (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_69_1","volume-title":"The burden of English in Africa: from colonialism to neo-colonialism. TESL-EJ (Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language\u2013Electronic Journal) 6, 1","author":"Prah Kwesi\u00a0Kwaa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwesi\u00a0Kwaa Prah. 2002. The burden of English in Africa: from colonialism to neo-colonialism. TESL-EJ (Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language\u2013Electronic Journal) 6, 1 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13636-021-00199-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434610012331278904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2022.770210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-S-15-0086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_76_1","volume-title":"Smartphones-based assistive technology: accessibility features and apps for people with visual impairment, and its usage, challenges, and usability testing. Clinical optometry","author":"Senjam Suraj\u00a0Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suraj\u00a0Singh Senjam, Souvik Manna, and Covadonga Bascaran. 2021. Smartphones-based assistive technology: accessibility features and apps for people with visual impairment, and its usage, challenges, and usability testing. Clinical optometry (2021), 311\u2013322."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_77_1","volume-title":"\u2018We use it different, different\u2019: Making sense of trends in mobile phone use in Ghana. New media & society 13, 3","author":"Sey Araba","year":"2011","unstructured":"Araba Sey. 2011. \u2018We use it different, different\u2019: Making sense of trends in mobile phone use in Ghana. New media & society 13, 3 (2011), 375\u2013390."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_78_1","volume-title":"All work and no play? Judging the uses of mobile phones in developing countries. Information Technologies & International Development 10, 3","author":"Sey Araba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Araba Sey and Peppino Ortoleva. 2014. All work and no play? Judging the uses of mobile phones in developing countries. Information Technologies & International Development 10, 3 (2014), pp\u20131."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687930444000697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3076778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2140446.2140456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_84_1","volume-title":"Roles of aided communication: Perspectives of adults who use AAC. Disability and rehabilitation: Assistive technology 3, 5","author":"Smith M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Martine\u00a0M Smith and Isobel Connolly. 2008. Roles of aided communication: Perspectives of adults who use AAC. Disability and rehabilitation: Assistive technology 3, 5 (2008), 260\u2013273."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_85_1","volume-title":"End-to-end asr: from supervised to semi-supervised learning with modern architectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.08460","author":"Synnaeve Gabriel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabriel Synnaeve, Qiantong Xu, Jacob Kahn, Tatiana Likhomanenko, Edouard Grave, Vineel Pratap, Anuroop Sriram, Vitaliy Liptchinsky, and Ronan Collobert. 2019. End-to-end asr: from supervised to semi-supervised learning with modern architectures. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.08460 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1940761.1940772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_88_1","unstructured":"Kentaro Toyama. 2015. Geek heresy: Rescuing social change from the cult of technology. PublicAffairs."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2516604.2516631"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_93_1","volume-title":"Living with acquired dysarthria: the speaker\u2019s perspective. Disability and rehabilitation 33, 3","author":"Walshe Margaret","year":"2011","unstructured":"Margaret Walshe and Nick Miller. 2011. Living with acquired dysarthria: the speaker\u2019s perspective. Disability and rehabilitation 33, 3 (2011), 195\u2013203."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.726276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_95_1","unstructured":"World Bank. 2018. Ghana Population. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/ghana\/overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2911982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909609.2909667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2019.1651395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.745164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v7i0.338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_101_1","volume-title":"Self-help and help-seeking for communication disability in Ghana: Implications for the development of communication disability rehabilitation services. Globalization and health 13","author":"Wylie Karen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karen Wylie, Lindy McAllister, Bronwyn Davidson, Julie Marshall, Clement Amponsah, and Josephine\u00a0Ohenewa Bampoe. 2017. Self-help and help-seeking for communication disability in Ghana: Implications for the development of communication disability rehabilitation services. Globalization and health 13 (2017), 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.33.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2010.483646"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '24: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Honolulu HI USA","acronym":"CHI '24","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGACCESS ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3613904.3641903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3613904.3641903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T23:57:28Z","timestamp":1750291048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3613904.3641903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3613904.3641903","10.1145\/3613904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3613904.3641903","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}