{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:17:12Z","timestamp":1776107832499,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":80,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","award":["2119589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2119589"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642287","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T08:38:06Z","timestamp":1715416686000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Towards Inclusive Video Commenting: Introducing Signmaku for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1535-1714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haocong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3385-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Situ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2251-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desir\u00e9e","family":"Kirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gallaudet University, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1344-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzy","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2606-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saumya","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9762-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Angrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5294-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business, Gallaudet University, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0399-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2021.3058644"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.04.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Timing. In Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. 1\u201312","author":"Sedeeq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sedeeq Al-khazraji, Becca Dingman, Sooyeon Lee, and Matt Huenerfauth. 2021. At a Different Pace: Evaluating Whether Users Prefer Timing Parameters in American Sign Language Animations to Differ from Human Signers\u2019 Timing. In Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_1","first-page":"518","article-title":"Investigating the Social Media Practices among Aurally Challenged Students (ACS): The Challenges and Issues","volume":"4","author":"Ali Muhammad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muhammad Ali and Anza Nasir. 2023. Investigating the Social Media Practices among Aurally Challenged Students (ACS): The Challenges and Issues. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences 4, 1 (2023), 518\u2013532.","journal-title":"Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wajdi Aljedaani Rrezarta Krasniqi Sanaa Aljedaani Mohamed\u00a0Wiem Mkaouer Stephanie Ludi and Khaled Al-Raddah. 2022. If online learning works for you what about deaf students? Emerging challenges of online learning for deaf and hearing-impaired students during COVID-19: a literature review. Universal access in the information society (2022) 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-022-00897-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3462244.3479934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.0963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ent052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reframing: From hearing loss to deaf gain","volume":"1","author":"Bauman H\u00a0Dirksen","year":"2009","unstructured":"H\u00a0Dirksen Bauman and Joseph Murray. 2009. Reframing: From hearing loss to deaf gain. Deaf Studies Digital Journal 1, 1 (2009), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Deaf Studies Digital Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312921"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371300.3383337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Exploring collaborative caption editing to augment video-based learning. Educational technology research and development 70, 5","author":"Bhavya Bhavya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhavya Bhavya, Si Chen, Zhilin Zhang, Wenting Li, Chengxiang Zhai, Lawrence Angrave, and Yun Huang. 2022. Exploring collaborative caption editing to augment video-based learning. Educational technology research and development 70, 5 (2022), 1755\u20131779."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3417024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3595980"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW3","author":"Chen Xinyue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xinyue Chen, Si Chen, Xu Wang, and Yun Huang. 2021. \"I was afraid, but now I enjoy being a streamer!\" Understanding the Challenges and Prospects of Using Live Streaming for Online Education. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW3 (2021), 1\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1976505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_1","volume-title":"Practice and Impact: 7th International Conference, CCD 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part I 7. Springer, 153\u2013163","author":"Chen Yue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yue Chen, Qin Gao, and Pei-Luen\u00a0Patrick Rau. 2015. Understanding gratifications of watching danmaku videos\u2013videos with overlaid comments. In Cross-Cultural Design Methods, Practice and Impact: 7th International Conference, CCD 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part I 7. Springer, 153\u2013163."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1282187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-018-0630-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-023-00992-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_1","volume-title":"American sign language typology","author":"Coulter Geoffrey\u00a0Restall","unstructured":"Geoffrey\u00a0Restall Coulter. 1979. American sign language typology. University of California, San Diego."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2006.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG47880.2020.00131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_1","volume-title":"ASL Citizen: A Community-Sourced Dataset for Advancing Isolated Sign Language Recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05934","author":"Desai Aashaka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aashaka Desai, Lauren Berger, Fyodor\u00a0O Minakov, Vanessa Milan, Chinmay Singh, Kriston Pumphrey, Richard\u00a0E Ladner, Hal Daum\u00e9\u00a0III, Alex\u00a0X Lu, Naomi Caselli, 2023. ASL Citizen: A Community-Sourced Dataset for Advancing Isolated Sign Language Recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05934 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568294.3580146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"It\u2019s a small world: International deaf spaces and encounters","author":"Friedner Michele","unstructured":"Michele Friedner and Annelies Kusters. 2015. It\u2019s a small world: International deaf spaces and encounters. Gallaudet University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_1","volume-title":"Advances in psychology. Vol.\u00a052","author":"Hart G","unstructured":"Sandra\u00a0G Hart and Lowell\u00a0E Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Advances in psychology. Vol.\u00a052. Elsevier, 139\u2013183."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"ASL-Homework-RGBD Dataset: An annotated dataset of 45 fluent and non-fluent signers performing American Sign Language homeworks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.04021","author":"Hassan Saad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saad Hassan, Matthew Seita, Larwan Berke, Yingli Tian, Elaine Gale, Sooyeon Lee, and Matt Huenerfauth. 2022. ASL-Homework-RGBD Dataset: An annotated dataset of 45 fluent and non-fluent signers performing American Sign Language homeworks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.04021 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"Closed-captioned television presentation speed and vocabulary. American Annals of the deaf","author":"Jensema Carl","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carl Jensema, Ralph McCann, and Scott Ramsey. 1996. Closed-captioned television presentation speed and vocabulary. American Annals of the deaf (1996), 284\u2013292."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sushant Kafle and Matt Huenerfauth. 2016. Effect of speech recognition errors on text understandability for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. (2016).","DOI":"10.21437\/SLPAT.2016-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HJ.0000695836.90893.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3058555.3058578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Facial emotion recognition of students using convolutional neural network. In 2019 third international conference on intelligent computing in data sciences (ICDS)","author":"Lasri Imane","unstructured":"Imane Lasri, Anouar\u00a0Riad Solh, and Mourad El\u00a0Belkacemi. 2019. Facial emotion recognition of students using convolutional neural network. In 2019 third international conference on intelligent computing in data sciences (ICDS). IEEE, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3441852.3471200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_1","volume-title":"An exploration of captioning practices and challenges of individual content creators on YouTube for people with hearing impairments. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.11226","author":"Li Franklin\u00a0Mingzhe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franklin\u00a0Mingzhe Li, Cheng Lu, Zhicong Lu, Patrick Carrington, and Khai\u00a0N Truong. 2022. An exploration of captioning practices and challenges of individual content creators on YouTube for people with hearing impairments. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.11226 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shugang Li He Zhu Ying Qian Shiqi Ren and Bing Fang. 2022. Classification and quantification of Danmaku Interactions in online video lectures: An exploratory study. https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2022\/5656669\/","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5656669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544817"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Research on the Influencing Factors of Online Video Danmaku Watching and Participation. In 2023 4th International Conference on Education, Knowledge and Information Management (ICEKIM","author":"Liao Junfeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Junfeng Liao, Rundong Li, Huizhong Liao, and Junkai Huang. 2023. Research on the Influencing Factors of Online Video Danmaku Watching and Participation. In 2023 4th International Conference on Education, Knowledge and Information Management (ICEKIM 2023). Atlantis Press, 711\u2013721."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2018.1512447"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/eni002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3550417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-019-00668-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2006.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_1","article-title":"Investigating Social Media Usage Among the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students","volume":"58","author":"Shaaban\u00a0Awed Mohammad Huda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huda Shaaban\u00a0Awed Mohammad Ahmed\u00a0Hammad. 2023. Investigating Social Media Usage Among the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 58, 1 (2023).","journal-title":"Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_1","unstructured":"[51] United Nations. 2022. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/coronavirus\/disability-inclusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10229-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_1","volume-title":"Inside deaf culture","author":"Padden Carol","unstructured":"Carol Padden, Tom Humphries, and Carol Padden. 2009. Inside deaf culture. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/asl.2018.11165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and higher education 5, 3","author":"Rovai P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alfred\u00a0P Rovai. 2002. Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and higher education 5, 3 (2002), 197\u2013211."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-020-09455-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_62_1","unstructured":"Jeff Seaman and Hester Tinti-Kane. 2013. Social media for teaching and learning. Pearson Learning Systems London."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234695.3236355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14221\/ajte.2016v41n8.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3551350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_66_1","volume-title":"Considerations in educating deaf and hard-of-hearing students in inclusive settings.Journal of deaf studies and deaf education 4, 3","author":"Stinson Michael","year":"1999","unstructured":"Michael Stinson and Shirin Antia. 1999. Considerations in educating deaf and hard-of-hearing students in inclusive settings.Journal of deaf studies and deaf education 4, 3 (1999), 163\u2013175."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3117124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_68_1","volume-title":"A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American journal of evaluation 27, 2","author":"Thomas R","year":"2006","unstructured":"David\u00a0R Thomas. 2006. A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American journal of evaluation 27, 2 (2006), 237\u2013246."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2020.612559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14643154.2017.1411874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3358904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_72_1","volume-title":"Questions in American Sign Language: A quantitative analysis of raised and lowered eyebrows","author":"Weast Traci\u00a0Patricia","unstructured":"Traci\u00a0Patricia Weast. 2008. Questions in American Sign Language: A quantitative analysis of raised and lowered eyebrows. The University of Texas at Arlington."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3329485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3148330.3148344"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491140.3528279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3550454.3555437","article-title":"Vtoonify: Controllable high-resolution portrait video style transfer","volume":"41","author":"Yang Shuai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuai Yang, Liming Jiang, Ziwei Liu, and Chen\u00a0Change Loy. 2022. Vtoonify: Controllable high-resolution portrait video style transfer. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 41, 6 (2022), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2021.100806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581476"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '24: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Honolulu HI USA","acronym":"CHI '24","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGACCESS ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3613904.3642287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3613904.3642287","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3613904.3642287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T23:44:24Z","timestamp":1750290264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3613904.3642287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3613904.3642287","10.1145\/3613904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3613904.3642287","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}