{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:02:24Z","timestamp":1780761744133,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":120,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF (National Science Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1839971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1839971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642947","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T08:38:06Z","timestamp":1715416686000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["ClassMeta: Designing Interactive Virtual Classmate to Promote VR Classroom Participation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengzhe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Purdue University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enze","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9497-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5472-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylie A","family":"Peppler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education \/ Creativity Labs, University of California, Irvine, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8639-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthik","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1_1","volume-title":"d.]. Unity Engine. https:\/\/unity.com\/, year =","year":"2023","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Unity Engine. https:\/\/unity.com\/, year = 2023,."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"2016. Questioning strategies. https:\/\/citl.illinois.edu\/citl-101\/teaching-learning\/resources\/teaching-strategies\/questioning-strategies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"2020. Engineering Design Process.https:\/\/www.sciencebuddies.org\/science-fair-projects\/engineering-design-process\/engineering-design-process-steps."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"2021. 7 Tips for Teaching Students How to Ask Questions in Class. https:\/\/www.waterford.org\/education\/how-to-ask-questions\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"2021. Why Discussion?https:\/\/teaching.uchicago.edu\/resources\/teaching-strategies\/discussion\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"2023. character.ai.https:\/\/beta.character.ai\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"2023. cognitive-services-speech-sdk.cognitive-services-speech-sdk."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"2023. Generative Voice AI.https:\/\/elevenlabs.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"2023. Google Cloud Firestore. https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/docs\/firestore."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"2023. Introducing ChatGPT.https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"2023. Introducing Duolingo Max a learning experience powered by GPT-4.https:\/\/blog.duolingo.com\/duolingo-max\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"2023. microsoft-introduces-guidelines-for-developing-responsible-conversational-ai.https:\/\/blogs.microsoft.com\/blog\/2018\/11\/14\/microsoft-introduces-guidelines-for-developing-responsible-conversational-ai\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Microsoft Teams Users Can Attend Meetings as a 3D Avatar in May.https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/news\/microsoft-teams-users-can-attend-meetings-as-a-3d-avatar-in-may.","unstructured":"2023. Microsoft Teams Users Can Attend Meetings as a 3D Avatar in May.https:\/\/www.pcmag.com\/news\/microsoft-teams-users-can-attend-meetings-as-a-3d-avatar-in-may."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"2023. Oculus Quest Pro. https:\/\/www.meta.com\/quest\/quest-pro\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"2023. Photon Unity Networking. https:\/\/doc-api.photonengine.com\/en\/pun\/current\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885728808317656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"AN INVESTIGATION OF PEER INFLUENCES ON FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS IN A PREP-YEAR PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY. EDUCATION & SCIENCE 2022-II","author":"PINAR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duygu\u00a0\u0130\u015ePINAR AK\u00c7AYO\u011eLU. 2022. AN INVESTIGATION OF PEER INFLUENCES ON FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS IN A PREP-YEAR PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY. EDUCATION & SCIENCE 2022-II (2022), 93."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 1\u201315","author":"Ali Azad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azad Ali and Dorothy Gracey. 2013. Dealing with student disruptive behavior in the classroom\u2013A case example of the coordination between faculty and assistant dean for academics. In Proceedings of the Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_1","volume-title":"Personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin 148, 5-6","author":"Anglim Jeromy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeromy Anglim, Patrick\u00a0D Dunlop, Serena Wee, Sharon Horwood, Joshua\u00a0K Wood, and Andrew Marty. 2022. Personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin 148, 5-6 (2022), 301."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_1","volume-title":"Benchmarking Foundation Models with Language-Model-as-an-Examiner. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.04181","author":"Bai Yushi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yushi Bai, Jiahao Ying, Yixin Cao, Xin Lv, Yuze He, Xiaozhi Wang, Jifan Yu, Kaisheng Zeng, Yijia Xiao, Haozhe Lyu, 2023. Benchmarking Foundation Models with Language-Model-as-an-Examiner. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.04181 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"A multitask, multilingual, multimodal evaluation of chatgpt on reasoning, hallucination, and interactivity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.04023","author":"Bang Yejin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yejin Bang, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Nayeon Lee, Wenliang Dai, Dan Su, Bryan Wilie, Holy Lovenia, Ziwei Ji, Tiezheng Yu, Willy Chung, 2023. A multitask, multilingual, multimodal evaluation of chatgpt on reasoning, hallucination, and interactivity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.04023 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793206810000839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-007-9041-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1995.1017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Classroom questions","volume":"6","author":"Brualdi\u00a0Timmins C","year":"1998","unstructured":"Amy\u00a0C Brualdi\u00a0Timmins. 1998. Classroom questions. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 6, 1 (1998), 6.","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdy026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"A survey on evaluation of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.03109","author":"Chang Yupeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yupeng Chang, Xu Wang, Jindong Wang, Yuan Wu, Kaijie Zhu, Hao Chen, Linyi Yang, Xiaoyuan Yi, Cunxiang Wang, Yidong Wang, 2023. A survey on evaluation of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.03109 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-022-10291-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"Students","author":"Chin Christine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christine Chin and Jonathan Osborne. 2008. Students\u2019 questions: a potential resource for teaching and learning science. Studies in science education 44, 1 (2008), 1\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geraldine Clarebout and Steffi Heidig\u00a0(n\u00e9e Domagk). 2012. Pedagogical Agents. Springer US Boston MA 2567\u20132571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_942","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00017-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45153-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_1","volume-title":"Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_1","volume-title":"Abraham\u00a0P Buunk, and Yvonne\u00a0G van\u00a0der Zee.","author":"Dijkstra Pieternel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pieternel Dijkstra, Hans Kuyper, Greetje Van\u00a0der Werf, Abraham\u00a0P Buunk, and Yvonne\u00a0G van\u00a0der Zee. 2008. Social comparison in the classroom: A review. Review of educational research 78, 4 (2008), 828\u2013879."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02948592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2013.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_1","volume-title":"Class size and student achievement. Psychological science in the public interest 2, 1","author":"Ehrenberg G","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ronald\u00a0G Ehrenberg, Dominic\u00a0J Brewer, Adam Gamoran, and J\u00a0Douglas Willms. 2001. Class size and student achievement. Psychological science in the public interest 2, 1 (2001), 1\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319030111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3562939.3565623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_1","volume-title":"Learning engineering for online education: Theoretical contexts and design-based examples","author":"Goel K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashok\u00a0K Goel and Lalith Polepeddi. 2018. Jill Watson. Learning engineering for online education: Theoretical contexts and design-based examples. Routledge (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_1","volume-title":"ChatGPT is not all you need. A State of the Art Review of large Generative AI models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.04655","author":"Gozalo-Brizuela Roberto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roberto Gozalo-Brizuela and Eduardo\u00a0C Garrido-Merchan. 2023. ChatGPT is not all you need. A State of the Art Review of large Generative AI models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.04655 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_1","article-title":"Assessing student engagement in small and large classes","volume":"2","author":"Iaria Giuseppe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giuseppe Iaria and Harry Hubball. 2008. Assessing student engagement in small and large classes. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal 2, 1 (2008).","journal-title":"Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_1","volume-title":"The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature machine intelligence 1, 9","author":"Jobin Anna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anna Jobin, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. 2019. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature machine intelligence 1, 9 (2019), 389\u2013399."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J019v06n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_1","volume-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and individual differences 103","author":"Kasneci Enkelejda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enkelejda Kasneci, Kathrin Se\u00dfler, Stefan K\u00fcchemann, Maria Bannert, Daryna Dementieva, Frank Fischer, Urs Gasser, Georg Groh, Stephan G\u00fcnnemann, Eyke H\u00fcllermeier, 2023. ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and individual differences 103 (2023), 102274."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_1","volume-title":"A high-level overview of AI ethics. Patterns 2, 9","author":"Kazim Emre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emre Kazim and Adriano\u00a0Soares Koshiyama. 2021. A high-level overview of AI ethics. Patterns 2, 9 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_1","volume-title":"The Matthew effect in American education. Research in sociology of education and socialization 12, 1","author":"Kerckhoff C","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alan\u00a0C Kerckhoff and Elizabeth Glennie. 1999. The Matthew effect in American education. Research in sociology of education and socialization 12, 1 (1999), 35\u201366."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0055-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_58_1","volume-title":"Can an artificial intelligence chatbot be the author of a scholarly article?Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 20","author":"Lee Ju\u00a0Yoen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ju\u00a0Yoen Lee. 2023. Can an artificial intelligence chatbot be the author of a scholarly article?Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 20 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math11102320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Motivation and de-motivation in secondary education: Student characteristics. Learning and instruction 1, 2","author":"Lens Willy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Willy Lens and Marleen Decruyenaere. 1991. Motivation and de-motivation in secondary education: Student characteristics. Learning and instruction 1, 2 (1991), 145\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIT.2018.8350861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_66_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2","author":"Maloney Divine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Divine Maloney, Guo Freeman, and Donghee\u00a0Yvette Wohn. 2020. \" Talking without a Voice\" Understanding Non-verbal Communication in Social Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (2020), 1\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_67_1","volume-title":"Selfcheckgpt: Zero-resource black-box hallucination detection for generative large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08896","author":"Manakul Potsawee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Potsawee Manakul, Adian Liusie, and Mark\u00a0JF Gales. 2023. Selfcheckgpt: Zero-resource black-box hallucination detection for generative large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08896 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_68_1","volume-title":"The design and impact of the pedagogical agent: A systematic literature review.Journal of educators Online 16, 1","author":"Suci\u00a0Dian Martha Ati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ati Suci\u00a0Dian Martha and Harry\u00a0B Santoso. 2019. The design and impact of the pedagogical agent: A systematic literature review.Journal of educators Online 16, 1 (2019), n1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87567555.2014.885876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_70_1","volume-title":"Experiences with Collaborative Learning at the Postsecondary Level. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation","author":"Medaille Ann","unstructured":"Ann Medaille. 2018. Quiet Students\u2019 Experiences with Collaborative Learning at the Postsecondary Level. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. University of Nevada, Reno."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87567555.2019.1579701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_72_1","volume-title":"What makes a good student? How emotions, self-regulated learning, and motivation contribute to academic achievement.Journal of educational psychology 106, 1","author":"Mega Carolina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carolina Mega, Lucia Ronconi, and Rossana De\u00a0Beni. 2014. What makes a good student? How emotions, self-regulated learning, and motivation contribute to academic achievement.Journal of educational psychology 106, 1 (2014), 121."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_73_1","unstructured":"Chet Meyers and Thomas\u00a0B Jones. 1993. Promoting Active Learning. Strategies for the College Classroom.ERIC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787411415078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281505.3281527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha Nguyen. 2022. Examining Teenagers\u2019 Perceptions of Conversational Agents in Learning Settings. In Interaction Design and Children. 374\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1145\/3501712.3529740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_77_1","volume-title":"Is ChatGPT a Good Tool for T&CM Students in Studying Pharmacology?Available at SSRN 4324310","author":"Nisar Saima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saima Nisar and Muhammad\u00a0Shahzad Aslam. 2023. Is ChatGPT a Good Tool for T&CM Students in Studying Pharmacology?Available at SSRN 4324310 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_79_1","volume-title":"Learning gain differences between ChatGPT and human tutor generated algebra hints. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.06871","author":"Pardos A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zachary\u00a0A Pardos and Shreya Bhandari. 2023. Learning gain differences between ChatGPT and human tutor generated algebra hints. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.06871 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_80_1","volume-title":"Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.03442","author":"Park Joon\u00a0Sung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joon\u00a0Sung Park, Joseph\u00a0C O\u2019Brien, Carrie\u00a0J Cai, Meredith\u00a0Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael\u00a0S Bernstein. 2023. Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.03442 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON47234.2019.9030346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_84_1","volume-title":"A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts.Journal of educational Psychology 95, 4","author":"Pintrich R","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0R Pintrich. 2003. A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts.Journal of educational Psychology 95, 4 (2003), 667."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW52623.2021.00060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00809.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_88_1","volume-title":"Better language models and their implications. OpenAI blog 1, 2","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jack Clark, Miles Brundage, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019. Better language models and their implications. OpenAI blog 1, 2 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_89_1","volume-title":"The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological science 2, 4","author":"Roberts W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brent\u00a0W Roberts, Nathan\u00a0R Kuncel, Rebecca Shiner, Avshalom Caspi, and Lewis\u00a0R Goldberg. 2007. The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological science 2, 4 (2007), 313\u2013345."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300680"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_91_1","volume-title":"The learning killer: Disruptive student behavior in the classroom. Reading improvement 42, 1","author":"Seidman Alan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alan Seidman. 2005. The learning killer: Disruptive student behavior in the classroom. Reading improvement 42, 1 (2005), 40\u201347."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_92_1","unstructured":"Burr Settles. 2009. Active learning literature survey. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80864-7_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_94_1","volume-title":"An HCI-Centric Survey and Taxonomy of Human-Generative-AI Interactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.07127","author":"Shi Jingyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jingyu Shi, Rahul Jain, Hyungjun Doh, Ryo Suzuki, and Karthik Ramani. 2023. An HCI-Centric Survey and Taxonomy of Human-Generative-AI Interactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.07127 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_95_1","volume-title":"ChatGPT: More than a weapon of mass deception, ethical challenges and responses from the human-Centered artificial intelligence (HCAI) perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11215","author":"Sison Alejo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alejo Jose\u00a0G Sison, Marco\u00a0Tulio Daza, Roberto Gozalo-Brizuela, and Eduardo\u00a0C Garrido-Merch\u00e1n. 2023. ChatGPT: More than a weapon of mass deception, ethical challenges and responses from the human-Centered artificial intelligence (HCAI) perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11215 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2011.00666.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1984.17-213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_98_1","volume-title":"The most social platform ever? A survey about activities & motives of social VR users. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Sykownik Philipp","unstructured":"Philipp Sykownik, Linda Graf, Christoph Zils, and Maic Masuch. 2021. The most social platform ever? A survey about activities & motives of social VR users. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 546\u2013554."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7010035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_100_1","volume-title":"MentorChat: Introducing a configurable conversational agent as a tool for adaptive online collaboration support. In 2011 15th panhellenic conference on informatics","author":"Tegos Stergios","unstructured":"Stergios Tegos, Stavros Demetriadis, and Anastasios Karakostas. 2011. MentorChat: Introducing a configurable conversational agent as a tool for adaptive online collaboration support. In 2011 15th panhellenic conference on informatics. IEEE, 13\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_101_1","volume-title":"Attitudes, behavior, and social context","author":"Terry J","unstructured":"Deborah\u00a0J Terry, Michael\u00a0A Hogg, and Katherine\u00a0M White. 1999. Attitude-behavior relations: Social identity and group membership. In Attitudes, behavior, and social context. Psychology Press, 67\u201393."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_102_1","volume-title":"Schooling: Impact on cognitive and motivational development.","author":"Trautwein Ulrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ulrich Trautwein, Hanna Dumont, and Anna-Lena Dicke. 2015. Schooling: Impact on cognitive and motivational development. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_103_1","volume-title":"CharacterChat: Learning towards Conversational AI with Personalized Social Support. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.10278","author":"Tu Quan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quan Tu, Chuanqi Chen, Jinpeng Li, Yanran Li, Shuo Shang, Dongyan Zhao, Ran Wang, and Rui Yan. 2023. CharacterChat: Learning towards Conversational AI with Personalized Social Support. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.10278 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_104_1","volume-title":"The value of asking questions. Molecular biology of the cell 24, 6","author":"Vale D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ronald\u00a0D Vale. 2013. The value of asking questions. Molecular biology of the cell 24, 6 (2013), 680\u2013682."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_105_1","volume-title":"Emotion-related socialization in the classroom: Considering the roles of teachers, peers, and the classroom context.Developmental psychology 56, 3","author":"Valiente Carlos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carlos Valiente, Jodi Swanson, Dawn DeLay, Ashley\u00a0M Fraser, and Julia\u00a0H Parker. 2020. Emotion-related socialization in the classroom: Considering the roles of teachers, peers, and the classroom context.Developmental psychology 56, 3 (2020), 578."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_106_1","volume-title":"Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan\u00a0N Gomez, \u0141ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_108_1","volume-title":"Asking good questions. Educational Leadership 65, 9","author":"Vogler E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kenneth\u00a0E Vogler. 2008. Asking good questions. Educational Leadership 65, 9 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_109_1","volume-title":"Better zero-shot reasoning with self-adaptive prompting. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14106","author":"Wan Xingchen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xingchen Wan, Ruoxi Sun, Hanjun Dai, Sercan\u00a0O Arik, and Tomas Pfister. 2023. Better zero-shot reasoning with self-adaptive prompting. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14106 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_110_1","volume-title":"Neural codec language models are zero-shot text to speech synthesizers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.02111","author":"Wang Chengyi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chengyi Wang, Sanyuan Chen, Yu Wu, Ziqiang Zhang, Long Zhou, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Yanqing Liu, Huaming Wang, Jinyu Li, 2023. Neural codec language models are zero-shot text to speech synthesizers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.02111 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3532106.3533534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_112_1","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume":"35","author":"Wei Jason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc\u00a0V Le, Denny Zhou, 2022. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (2022), 24824\u201324837.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_113_1","volume-title":"Does being good make the grade? Social behavior and academic competence in middle school.Journal of Educational Psychology 85, 2","author":"Wentzel R","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kathryn\u00a0R Wentzel. 1993. Does being good make the grade? Social behavior and academic competence in middle school.Journal of Educational Psychology 85, 2 (1993), 357."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3392063.3394417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_116_1","volume-title":"XR-Ed Framework: Designing Instruction-driven andLearner-centered Extended Reality Systems for Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.13779","author":"Yang Kexin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kexin Yang, Xiaofei Zhou, and Iulian Radu. 2020. XR-Ed Framework: Designing Instruction-driven andLearner-centered Extended Reality Systems for Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.13779 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_117_1","unstructured":"Todd Zakrajsek. 2017. Students who don\u2019t participate in class discussions: They are not all introverts. https:\/\/www.scholarlyteacher.com\/post\/students-who-dont-participate-in-class-discussions"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_118_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CogSci06 Symposium Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science. Citeseer.","author":"Zhang Hui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hui Zhang, Chen Yu, and Linda\u00a0B Smith. 2006. An interactive virtual reality platform for studying embodied social interaction. In Proceedings of the CogSci06 Symposium Toward Social Mechanisms of Android Science. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_119_1","volume-title":"Large language models are human-level prompt engineers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.01910","author":"Zhou Yongchao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yongchao Zhou, Andrei\u00a0Ioan Muresanu, Ziwen Han, Keiran Paster, Silviu Pitis, Harris Chan, and Jimmy Ba. 2022. Large language models are human-level prompt engineers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.01910 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matthias Ziegler Carolyn Maccann and Richard Roberts. 2011. New Perspectives on Faking in Personality Assessment. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195387476.003.0011","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '24: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Honolulu HI USA","acronym":"CHI '24","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGACCESS ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3613904.3642947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3613904.3642947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T23:57:02Z","timestamp":1750291022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3613904.3642947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3613904.3642947","10.1145\/3613904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3613904.3642947","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}