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The International Data Corporation (IDC) estimates that the Global Datasphere, which was 33 zettabytes in 2018, will rise to 175 zettabytes by 2025, and there will be more than 150 billion connected devices worldwide [10]. The Internet of Things (IoT) segment is expected to experience the fastest growth, with data creation at the edge of the network projected to increase almost twice as fast as in the cloud. As a result, worldwide spending on edge computing is forecasted to reach 317 billion by 2026, as per IDC projections [1].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3614214.3614218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1691231118000},"page":"11-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Data Management Systems for the Hierarchical Edge"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Seyed","family":"Hossein Mortazavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Salehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Gabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University, Toronto, Canada"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"de Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"New idc spending guide forecasts edge computing investments will reach $208 billion in 2023. February 2023. https:\/\/www.idc.com\/getdoc. jsp?containerId=prUS50386323  New idc spending guide forecasts edge computing investments will reach $208 billion in 2023. February 2023. https:\/\/www.idc.com\/getdoc. jsp?containerId=prUS50386323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the First IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing","author":"de Lara Eyal","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Eyal de Lara , Carolina S. Gomes , Steve Langridge , S. Hossein Mortazavi , and Meysam Roodi . Poster : Hierarchical serverless computing for the mobile edge. October 2016 . Proceedings of the First IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing , Washington, DC. Eyal de Lara, Carolina S. Gomes, Steve Langridge, S. Hossein Mortazavi, and Meysam Roodi. Poster: Hierarchical serverless computing for the mobile edge. October 2016. Proceedings of the First IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1773912.1773922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Toward session consistency for the edge","author":"Mortazavi Seyed Hossein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seyed Hossein Mortazavi , Bharath Balasubramanian , Eyal de Lara , and Shankaranarayanan Puzhavakath Narayanan . Toward session consistency for the edge . 2018 . {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Edge Computing (HotEdge 18). Seyed Hossein Mortazavi, Bharath Balasubramanian, Eyal de Lara, and Shankaranarayanan Puzhavakath Narayanan. Toward session consistency for the edge. 2018. {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Edge Computing (HotEdge 18)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Toward session consistency for the edge","author":"Mortazavi Seyed Hossein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seyed Hossein Mortazavi , Bharath Balasubramanian , Eyal de Lara , and Shankaranarayanan Puzhavakath Narayanan . Toward session consistency for the edge . 2018 . {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Edge Computing (HotEdge 18). Seyed Hossein Mortazavi, Bharath Balasubramanian, Eyal de Lara, and Shankaranarayanan Puzhavakath Narayanan. 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IEEE.","author":"Mortazavi Seyed Hossein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seyed Hossein Mortazavi , Mohammad Salehe , Moshe Gabel , and Eyal de Lara . 2020 . Feather: Hierarchical querying for the edge . Proceedings of the Fifth ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC). IEEE. Seyed Hossein Mortazavi, Mohammad Salehe, Moshe Gabel, and Eyal de Lara. 2020. Feather: Hierarchical querying for the edge. Proceedings of the Fifth ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC). IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing, 1--13","author":"Mortazavi Seyed Hossein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seyed Hossein Mortazavi , Mohammad Salehe , Carolina Simoes Gomes , Caleb Phillips , and Eyal de Lara . 2017 . Cloudpath: A multi-tier cloud computing framework . Proceedings of the Second ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing, 1--13 . Seyed Hossein Mortazavi, Mohammad Salehe, Carolina Simoes Gomes, Caleb Phillips, and Eyal de Lara. 2017. Cloudpath: A multi-tier cloud computing framework. Proceedings of the Second ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing, 1--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The digitization of the world from edge to core","author":"Reinsel David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David Reinsel , John Gantz , John Rydning . The digitization of the world from edge to core . Framingham : International Data Corporation , 2018 , 16. David Reinsel, John Gantz, John Rydning. The digitization of the world from edge to core. Framingham: International Data Corporation, 2018, 16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Applications and Services (MobiCASE), 2014 6th International Conference, 1--9.","author":"Satyanarayanan Mahadev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahadev Satyanarayanan , Zhuo Chen , Kiryong Ha , Wenlu Hu , Wolfgang Richter , and Padmanabhan Pillai . 2014 . Cloudlets: at the leading edge of mobile-cloud convergence. Mobile Computing , Applications and Services (MobiCASE), 2014 6th International Conference, 1--9. Mahadev Satyanarayanan, Zhuo Chen, Kiryong Ha, Wenlu Hu, Wolfgang Richter, and Padmanabhan Pillai. 2014. Cloudlets: at the leading edge of mobile-cloud convergence. Mobile Computing, Applications and Services (MobiCASE), 2014 6th International Conference, 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission. 2020. New york City trip record data. https:\/\/www1.nyc. gov\/site\/tlc\/about\/tlc-trip-record-data.page  NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission. 2020. New york City trip record data. https:\/\/www1.nyc. gov\/site\/tlc\/about\/tlc-trip-record-data.page"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2016 -The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 1--9.","author":"Tong Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang Tong , Yong Li , and Wei Gao . 2016 . 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