{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T09:52:23Z","timestamp":1778233943072,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":48,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-00952-GRA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-00952-GRA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"John S. and James L. Knight Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-2019-58788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-2019-58788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Election Trust Initiative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"NSF (National Science Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2120496, DGE-2140004, 1749815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2120496, DGE-2140004, 1749815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3614419.3643996","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T08:41:58Z","timestamp":1713343318000},"page":"11-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Echo Chambers in the Age of Algorithms: An Audit of Twitter\u2019s Friend Recommender System"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla","family":"Duskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph S","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4118-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jevin D","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma S","family":"Spiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Joy Anyanwu and Rashawn Ray. 2022. Why is Elon Musk\u2019s Twitter takeover increasing hate speech?https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/why-is-elon-musks-twitter-takeover-increasing-hate-speech\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4175612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Auditing Algorithmic Bias on Twitter. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021","author":"Bartley Nathan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nathan Bartley, Andres Abeliuk, Emilio Ferrara, and Kristina Lerman. 2021. Auditing Algorithmic Bias on Twitter. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 (Virtual Event, United Kingdom) (WebSci \u201921). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 65\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v17i1.22126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"How YouTube Recommends Content to Real Users. (May","author":"Brown A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Megan\u00a0A Brown, James Bisbee, Angela Lai, Richard Bonneau, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua\u00a0A Tucker. 2022. Echo Chambers, Rabbit Holes, and Algorithmic Bias: How YouTube Recommends Content to Real Users. (May 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Environmental users abandoned Twitter after Musk takeover. Trends in ecology and evolution 38, 10 (Oct","author":"Chang H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charlotte\u00a0H. Chang, Nikhil\u00a0R. Deshmukh, Paul\u00a0R. Armsworth, and Yuta\u00a0J. Masuda. 2023. Environmental users abandoned Twitter after Musk takeover. Trends in ecology and evolution 38, 10 (Oct 2023), 893\u2013895."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Subscriptions and external links help drive resentful users to alternative and extremist YouTube videos. (April","author":"Chen Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Annie\u00a0Y Chen, Brendan Nyhan, Jason Reifler, Ronald\u00a0E Robertson, and Christo Wilson. 2022. Subscriptions and external links help drive resentful users to alternative and extremist YouTube videos. (April 2022). arxiv:2204.10921\u00a0[cs.SI]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neutral bots probe political bias on social media","volume":"12","author":"Chen Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen Chen, Diogo Pacheco, Kai-Cheng Yang, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. Neutral bots probe political bias on social media. Nat. Commun. 12, 1 (Sept. 2021), 5580.","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023301118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-019-0213-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517441113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Auditing Human-Machine Communication Systems Using Simulated Humans. (Aug","author":"Diakopoulos Nicholas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholas Diakopoulos, Jack Bandy, and Henry Dambanemuya. 2021. Auditing Human-Machine Communication Systems Using Simulated Humans. (Aug. 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1428656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501247.3531583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption. Public opinion quarterly 80, S1 (Mar","author":"Flaxman Seth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seth Flaxman, Sharad Goel, and Justin\u00a0M. Rao. 2016. Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption. Public opinion quarterly 80, S1 (Mar 2016), 298\u2013320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Long-Term Analysis of Polarization on Twitter","volume":"11","author":"Rama\u00a0Kiran Garimella Venkata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venkata Rama\u00a0Kiran Garimella and Ingmar Weber. 2017. A Long-Term Analysis of Polarization on Twitter. ICWSM 11, 1 (May 2017), 528\u2013531.","journal-title":"ICWSM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Twitter\u2019s Open Source Algorithm Is a Red Herring. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/twitters-open-source-algorithm-is-a-red-herring\/. Wired (7","author":"Geurkink Brandi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brandi Geurkink. 2023. Twitter\u2019s Open Source Algorithm Is a Red Herring. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/twitters-open-source-algorithm-is-a-red-herring\/. Wired (7 April 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Avoiding the echo chamber about echo chambers: Why selective exposure to like-minded political news is less prevalent than you think. (Jan","author":"Guess Andrew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrew Guess, Benjamin Lyons, Brendan Nyhan, and Jason Reifler. 2018. Avoiding the echo chamber about echo chambers: Why selective exposure to like-minded political news is less prevalent than you think. (Jan. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"The Great Radicalizer? Auditing and Mitigating Ideological Biases in YouTube Recommendations. (March","author":"Haroon Muhammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muhammad Haroon, Anshuman Chhabra, Xin Liu, Prasant Mohapatra, Zubair Shafiq, and Magdalena Wojcieszak. 2022. YouTube, The Great Radicalizer? Auditing and Mitigating Ideological Biases in YouTube Recommendations. (March 2022). arxiv:2203.10666\u00a0[cs.CY]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101967118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3392854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Repeat Spreaders and Election Delegitimization: A Comprehensive Dataset of Misinformation Tweets from the 2020 US Election. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media 2","author":"Kennedy Ian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ian Kennedy, Morgan Wack, Andrew Beers, Joseph\u00a0S Schafer, Isabella Garcia-Camargo, Emma\u00a0S Spiro, and Kate Starbird. 2022. Repeat Spreaders and Election Delegitimization: A Comprehensive Dataset of Misinformation Tweets from the 2020 US Election. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media 2 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social psychology quarterly","author":"Krackhardt David","year":"1988","unstructured":"David Krackhardt and Robert\u00a0N Stern. 1988. Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social psychology quarterly (1988), 123\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2021.1976070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Social Media, Network Heterogeneity, and Opinion Polarization","volume":"64","author":"Lee Jae\u00a0Kook","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jae\u00a0Kook Lee, Jihyang Choi, Cheonsoo Kim, and Yonghwan Kim. 2014. Social Media, Network Heterogeneity, and Opinion Polarization. J. Commun. 64, 4 (Aug. 2014), 702\u2013722.","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Misinformation of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy. Scientific reports 12, 1 (Aug","author":"Lee Sun\u00a0Kyong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun\u00a0Kyong Lee, Juhyung Sun, Seulki Jang, and Shane Connelly. 2022. Misinformation of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy. Scientific reports 12, 1 (Aug 2022), 13681."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","unstructured":"Colleen McClain Regina Widjaya Gonzalo Rivero and Aaron Smith. 2021. The behaviors and attitudes of US adults on Twitter. (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation. HKS Misinfo Review (Feb","author":"Nikolov Dimitar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimitar Nikolov, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. Right and left, partisanship predicts (asymmetric) vulnerability to misinformation. HKS Misinfo Review (Feb. 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Twitter Isn\u2019t Very Transparent. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2023\/04\/elon-musk-twitter-algorithm-code-public\/673642\/. The Atlantic (5","author":"Nyce Caroline\u00a0Mimbs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caroline\u00a0Mimbs Nyce. 2023. The New \u2018Transparent\u2019 Twitter Isn\u2019t Very Transparent. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2023\/04\/elon-musk-twitter-algorithm-code-public\/673642\/. The Atlantic (5 April 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May","author":"Papadamou Kostantinos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kostantinos Papadamou, Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano\u00a0De Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, and Michael Sirivianos. 2022. \u201cit is just a flu\u201d: Assessing the effect of watch history on YouTube\u2019s pseudoscientific video recommendations. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May 2022), 723\u2013734."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eli Pariser. 2011. The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. penguin UK.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2017. The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2017\/10\/19\/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2022. Social Media and News Fact Sheet. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/journalism\/fact-sheet\/social-media-and-news-fact-sheet\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"The Amplification Paradox in Recommender Systems. (Feb","author":"Ribeiro Manoel\u00a0Horta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manoel\u00a0Horta Ribeiro, Veniamin Veselovsky, and Robert West. 2023. The Amplification Paradox in Recommender Systems. (Feb. 2023). arxiv:2302.11225\u00a0[cs.CY]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Their Arguments, and the Quality of Information They Share. Socius 9 (Jan.","author":"Rohlinger A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deana\u00a0A Rohlinger, Kyle Rose, Sarah Warren, and Stuart Shulman. 2023. Does the Musk Twitter Takeover Matter? Political Influencers, Their Arguments, and the Quality of Information They Share. Socius 9 (Jan. 2023), 23780231231152193."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Sanchez and Keesha Middlemass","author":"R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gabriel\u00a0R. Sanchez and Keesha Middlemass. 2022. Misinformation is eroding the public\u2019s confidence in democracy. Brookings Institute (Jul 2022). https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. Data and discrimination: converting critical concerns into productive inquiry 22","author":"Sandvig Christian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christian Sandvig, Kevin Hamilton, Karrie Karahalios, and Cedric Langbort. 2014. Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. Data and discrimination: converting critical concerns into productive inquiry 22, 2014 (2014), 4349\u20134357."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102141118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph\u00a0S Schafer Kayla Duskin Morgan Wack Anna Beers Lia Bozarth Taylor Agajanian Mike Caulfield Emma\u00a0S Spiro and Kate Starbird. 2024. ElectionRumors2022: A dataset of election rumors on Twitter during the 2022 US midterms.","DOI":"10.51685\/jqd.2025.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jessica Su Aneesh Sharma and Sharad Goel. 2016. The Effect of Recommendations on Network Structure. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web (Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada) (WWW \u201916). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee Republic and Canton of Geneva CHE 1157\u20131167.","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"The law of group polarization. The journal of political philosophy 10, 2 (Jun","author":"Sunstein R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cass\u00a0R. Sunstein. 2002. The law of group polarization. The journal of political philosophy 10, 2 (Jun 2002), 175\u2013195."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Echo Chambers on Social Media: A Systematic Review of the Literature. RCR 9 (March","author":"Terren Ludovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ludovic Terren and Rosa Borge-Bravo. 2021. Echo Chambers on Social Media: A Systematic Review of the Literature. RCR 9 (March 2021), 99\u2013118."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3523227.3551473"}],"event":{"name":"Websci '24: 16th ACM Web Science Conference","location":"Stuttgart Germany","acronym":"Websci '24","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["ACM Web Science Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3614419.3643996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3614419.3643996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:53:45Z","timestamp":1755881625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3614419.3643996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3614419.3643996","10.1145\/3614419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3614419.3643996","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}