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Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent years have witnessed the fast penetration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) systems into our daily life, the security and privacy issues of the VR\/AR applications have been attracting considerable attention. Most VR\/AR systems adopt head-mounted devices (i.e., smart headsets) to interact with users and the devices usually store the users\u2019 private data. Hence, authentication schemes are desired for the head-mounted devices. Traditional knowledge-based authentication schemes for general personal devices have been proved vulnerable to shoulder-surfing attacks, especially considering the headsets may block the sight of the users. Although the robustness of the knowledge-based authentication can be improved by designing complicated secret codes in virtual space, this approach induces a compromise of usability. Another choice is to leverage the users\u2019 biometrics; however, it either relies on highly advanced equipments which may not always be available in commercial headsets or introduce heavy cognitive load to users.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this paper, we propose a vibration-based authentication scheme, VibHead, for smart headsets. Since the propagation of vibration signals through human heads presents unique patterns for different individuals, VibHead employs a CNN-based model to classify registered legitimate users based the features extracted from the vibration signals. We also design a two-step authentication scheme where the above user classifiers are utilized to distinguish the legitimate user from illegitimate ones. We implement VibHead on a Microsoft HoloLens equipped with a linear motor and an IMU sensor which are commonly used in off-the-shelf personal smart devices. According to the results of our extensive experiments, with short vibration signals (\u2264\n            <jats:italic>1s<\/jats:italic>\n            ), VibHead has an outstanding authentication accuracy; both FAR and FRR are around 5%.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3614432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T12:06:04Z","timestamp":1692273964000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["VibHead: An Authentication Scheme for Smart Headsets through Vibration"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3746-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3468-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6835-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongxiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6950-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-1480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiran","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"N. Babich. 2019. How VR in Education Will Change How We Learn and Teach. https:\/\/xd.adobe.com\/ideas\/principles\/emerging-technology\/virtual-reality-will-change-learn-teach\/. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS51616.2021.00101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Supply Chain Game Changer. 2020. Virtual reality (VR) is enhancing e-commerce shopping! https:\/\/supplychaingamechanger.com\/how-virtual-reality-vr-is-drastically-enhancing-the-e-commerce-shopping-experience-infographic\/. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2018.8397098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.050"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"22:1\u201322:27","article-title":"A systematic literature review of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality game applications in healthcare","volume":"3","author":"Fu Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Fu, Y. Hu, and V. 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