{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:56:48Z","timestamp":1782280608696,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":67,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3617694.3623248","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T15:52:11Z","timestamp":1698594731000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Epistemic Lens on Algorithmic Fairness"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Edenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Baruch College, The City University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1122-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"1964. Section 2000e-3(b) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 2000e-3(b).  1964. Section 2000e-3(b) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 2000e-3(b)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of","year":"1964","unstructured":"1964. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 2000e et seq. 1964. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 2000e et seq."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Age Discrimination in Employment Act of","year":"1967","unstructured":"1967. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 . 29 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 621\u2013634. 1967. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. 29 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 621\u2013634."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"1967. Section 623(e) of Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 623(e).  1967. Section 623(e) of Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 623(e)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"1968. Fair Housing Act. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 3601 et seq.  1968. Fair Housing Act. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 3601 et seq."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"1968. Section 3604(c) of the Fair Housing Act. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 3604(c).  1968. Section 3604(c) of the Fair Housing Act. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 3604(c)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"1974. Equal Credit Opportunity Act. 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 1691 et seq.  1974. Equal Credit Opportunity Act. 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 1691 et seq."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson. 477 U.S. 57","year":"1986","unstructured":"1986. Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson. 477 U.S. 57 ( 1986 ). 1986. Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson. 477 U.S. 57 (1986)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Skewed Outcomes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (November","author":"Ali Muhammad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhammad Ali , Piotr Sapiezynski , Miranda Bogen , Aleksandra Korolova , Alan Mislove , and Aaron Rieke . 2019 . Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook\u2019s Delivery Can Lead to Skewed Outcomes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (November 2019), 1\u201330. Muhammad Ali, Piotr Sapiezynski, Miranda Bogen, Aleksandra Korolova, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. 2019. Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook\u2019s Delivery Can Lead to Skewed Outcomes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (November 2019), 1\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Machine Bias. ProPublica (23","author":"Angwin Julia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julia Angwin , Jeff Larson , Surya Mattu , and Lauren Kirchner . 2016. Machine Bias. ProPublica (23 May 2016 ). https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner. 2016. Machine Bias. ProPublica (23 May 2016). https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race. ProPublica (28","author":"Angwin Julia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julia Angwin and Terry Parris , Jr.2016. Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race. ProPublica (28 October 2016 ). https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race Julia Angwin and Terry Parris, Jr.2016. Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race. ProPublica (28 October 2016). https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?U","volume":"58","author":"Balkin M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jack\u00a0 M. Balkin and Reva\u00a0 B. Siegel . 2003 . The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?U . Miami L. Rev. 58 (2003), 9 \u2013 34 . Jack\u00a0M. Balkin and Reva\u00a0B. Siegel. 2003. The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?U. Miami L. Rev. 58 (2003), 9\u201334.","journal-title":"Miami L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"What is the Problem to Which Fair Machine Learning is the Solution?. Presentation at AI Now. (10","author":"Barocas Solon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solon Barocas . 2017. What is the Problem to Which Fair Machine Learning is the Solution?. Presentation at AI Now. (10 July 2017 ). https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/symposia\/videos\/what-is-the-problem-to-which-fair-machine-learning-is-the-solution.html Solon Barocas. 2017. What is the Problem to Which Fair Machine Learning is the Solution?. Presentation at AI Now. (10 July 2017). https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/symposia\/videos\/what-is-the-problem-to-which-fair-machine-learning-is-the-solution.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The problem with bias: from allocative to representational harms in machine learning","author":"Barocas Solon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solon Barocas , Kate Crawford , Aaron Shapiro , and Hanna Wallach . 2017. The problem with bias: from allocative to representational harms in machine learning . Special Interest Group for Computing , Information and Society ( 2017 ). Solon Barocas, Kate Crawford, Aaron Shapiro, and Hanna Wallach. 2017. The problem with bias: from allocative to representational harms in machine learning. Special Interest Group for Computing, Information and Society (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Showing Limits of Algorithms. Wall Street Journal (1","author":"Barr Alistair","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alistair Barr . 2015. Google Mistakenly Tags Black People as \u2018Gorillas ,\u2019 Showing Limits of Algorithms. Wall Street Journal (1 July 2015 ). https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/BL-DGB-42522 Alistair Barr. 2015. Google Mistakenly Tags Black People as \u2018Gorillas,\u2019 Showing Limits of Algorithms. Wall Street Journal (1 July 2015). https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/BL-DGB-42522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Derrick Bell. 1987. And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice.  Derrick Bell. 1987. And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190923624.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Only 15 Percent of CEOs at Fortune 500 Companies are Female. Statista (8","author":"Buchholz Katharina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Katharina Buchholz . 2022. Only 15 Percent of CEOs at Fortune 500 Companies are Female. Statista (8 March 2022 ). https:\/\/www.statista.com\/chart\/13995\/female-ceos-in-fortune-500-companies Katharina Buchholz. 2022. Only 15 Percent of CEOs at Fortune 500 Companies are Female. Statista (8 March 2022). https:\/\/www.statista.com\/chart\/13995\/female-ceos-in-fortune-500-companies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a081)","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru . 2018 . Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification . In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a081) , Sorelle\u00a0A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, 77\u201391. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a081), Sorelle\u00a0A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, 77\u201391. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Semantics derived automatically from language corpora necessarily contain human biases. CoRR abs\/1608.07187","author":"Caliskan Aylin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aylin Caliskan , Joanna\u00a0 J. Bryson , and Arvind Narayanan . 2016. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora necessarily contain human biases. CoRR abs\/1608.07187 ( 2016 ). arXiv:1608.07187http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.07187 Aylin Caliskan, Joanna\u00a0J. Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan. 2016. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora necessarily contain human biases. CoRR abs\/1608.07187 (2016). arXiv:1608.07187http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.07187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions","volume":"89","author":"Citron Danielle\u00a0Keats","year":"2014","unstructured":"Danielle\u00a0Keats Citron and Frank\u00a0 A. Pasquale . 2014 . The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions . Washington Law Review 89 (2014), 1 \u2013 33 . Danielle\u00a0Keats Citron and Frank\u00a0A. Pasquale. 2014. The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions. Washington Law Review 89 (2014), 1\u201333.","journal-title":"Washington Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness. CoRR abs\/1701.08230","author":"Corbett-Davies Sam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sam Corbett-Davies , Emma Pierson , Avi Feller , Sharad Goel , and Aziz Huq . 2017. Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness. CoRR abs\/1701.08230 ( 2017 ). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1701.08230 Sam Corbett-Davies, Emma Pierson, Avi Feller, Sharad Goel, and Aziz Huq. 2017. Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness. CoRR abs\/1701.08230 (2017). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1701.08230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"The Trouble with Bias. Keynote address. Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Crawford Kate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kate Crawford . 2017. The Trouble with Bias. Keynote address. Neural Information Processing Systems ( 2017 ). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fMym_BKWQzk Kate Crawford. 2017. The Trouble with Bias. Keynote address. Neural Information Processing Systems (2017). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fMym_BKWQzk"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1341398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women","author":"Dastin Jeffrey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeffrey Dastin . 2018. Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women . Reuters ( 9 Oct. 2018 ). Jeffrey Dastin. 2018. Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women. Reuters (9 Oct. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2013.782585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"The Deadly Consequences of Carrying a Cell Phone While Black. Vice News (4","author":"Dowd Trone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trone Dowd . 2021. The Deadly Consequences of Carrying a Cell Phone While Black. Vice News (4 Mar. 2021 ). Trone Dowd. 2021. The Deadly Consequences of Carrying a Cell Phone While Black. Vice News (4 Mar. 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Fairness Through Awareness. CoRR abs\/1104.3913","author":"Dwork Cynthia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cynthia Dwork , Moritz Hardt , Toniann Pitassi , Omer Reingold , and Richard\u00a0 S. Zemel . 2011. Fairness Through Awareness. CoRR abs\/1104.3913 ( 2011 ). arXiv:1104.3913http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1104.3913 Cynthia Dwork, Moritz Hardt, Toniann Pitassi, Omer Reingold, and Richard\u00a0S. Zemel. 2011. Fairness Through Awareness. CoRR abs\/1104.3913 (2011). arXiv:1104.3913http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1104.3913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor","author":"Eubanks Virginia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Virginia Eubanks . 2017 . Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor . St. Martin\u2019s Press , New York, NY . Virginia Eubanks. 2017. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin\u2019s Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Groups and the Equal Protection Clause","volume":"5","author":"Fiss M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Owen\u00a0 M. Fiss . 1976 . Groups and the Equal Protection Clause . Phil. & Pub. Aff. 5 (1976), 107 \u2013 177 . Owen\u00a0M. Fiss. 1976. Groups and the Equal Protection Clause. Phil. & Pub. Aff. 5 (1976), 107\u2013177.","journal-title":"Phil. & Pub. Aff."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198237907.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3433949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Epistemic Relativism and Reasonable Disagreement","author":"Goldman I.","unstructured":"Alvin\u00a0 I. Goldman . 2010. Epistemic Relativism and Reasonable Disagreement . In Disagreement, Richard Feldman and Ted\u00a0A. Warfield (Eds.). Oxford University Press , Oxford , 187\u2013215. Alvin\u00a0I. Goldman. 2010. Epistemic Relativism and Reasonable Disagreement. In Disagreement, Richard Feldman and Ted\u00a0A. Warfield (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 187\u2013215."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511265.3550450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","first-page":"635","article-title":"The Case for Establishing a Collective Perspective to Address the Harms of Platform Personalization","volume":"25","author":"Gordon-Tapiero Ayelet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayelet Gordon-Tapiero , Alexandra Wood , and Katrina Ligett . 2023 . The Case for Establishing a Collective Perspective to Address the Harms of Platform Personalization . Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law 25 (2023), 635 \u2013 689 . Ayelet Gordon-Tapiero, Alexandra Wood, and Katrina Ligett. 2023. The Case for Establishing a Collective Perspective to Address the Harms of Platform Personalization. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law 25 (2023), 635\u2013689.","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, D.\u00a0Lee, M.\u00a0Sugiyama, U.\u00a0Luxburg, I.\u00a0Guyon, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.). Vol.\u00a029. Curran Associates","author":"Hardt Moritz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moritz Hardt , Eric Price , and Nati Srebro . 2016. Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning . In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, D.\u00a0Lee, M.\u00a0Sugiyama, U.\u00a0Luxburg, I.\u00a0Guyon, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.). Vol.\u00a029. Curran Associates , Inc .https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/ 2016 \/file\/9d2682367c3935defcb1f9e247a97c0d-Paper.pdf Moritz Hardt, Eric Price, and Nati Srebro. 2016. Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, D.\u00a0Lee, M.\u00a0Sugiyama, U.\u00a0Luxburg, I.\u00a0Guyon, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.). Vol.\u00a029. Curran Associates, Inc.https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2016\/file\/9d2682367c3935defcb1f9e247a97c0d-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"The viral AI avatar app Lensa undressed me\u2013without my consent. MIT Technology Review (12","author":"Heikkila Melissa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melissa Heikkila . 2022. The viral AI avatar app Lensa undressed me\u2013without my consent. MIT Technology Review (12 December 2022 ). https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2022\/12\/12\/1064751\/the-viral-ai-avatar-app-lensa-undressed-me-without-my-consent\/ Melissa Heikkila. 2022. The viral AI avatar app Lensa undressed me\u2013without my consent. MIT Technology Review (12 December 2022). https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2022\/12\/12\/1064751\/the-viral-ai-avatar-app-lensa-undressed-me-without-my-consent\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Aiming for truth, fairness, and equity in your company\u2019s use of AI. Federal Trade Commission Business Blog (19","author":"Jillson Elisa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elisa Jillson . 2021. Aiming for truth, fairness, and equity in your company\u2019s use of AI. Federal Trade Commission Business Blog (19 April 2021 ). Elisa Jillson. 2021. Aiming for truth, fairness, and equity in your company\u2019s use of AI. Federal Trade Commission Business Blog (19 April 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Representational Harms in Image Tagging. In Beyond Fair Computer Vision Workshop at CVPR","author":"Katzman Jared","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jared Katzman , Solon Barocas , Su\u00a0Lin Blodgett , Kristen Laird , Morgan\u00a0Klaus Scheuerman , and Hanna Wallach . 2021 . Representational Harms in Image Tagging. In Beyond Fair Computer Vision Workshop at CVPR 2021. Jared Katzman, Solon Barocas, Su\u00a0Lin Blodgett, Kristen Laird, Morgan\u00a0Klaus Scheuerman, and Hanna Wallach. 2021. Representational Harms in Image Tagging. In Beyond Fair Computer Vision Workshop at CVPR 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","first-page":"867","article-title":"Manipulating Opportunity","volume":"106","author":"Kim T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pauline\u00a0 T. Kim . 2020 . Manipulating Opportunity . Virginia Law Review 106 (2020), 867 \u2013 935 . Pauline\u00a0T. Kim. 2020. Manipulating Opportunity. Virginia Law Review 106 (2020), 867\u2013935.","journal-title":"Virginia Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"People Analytics and the Regulation of Information Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act","volume":"16","author":"Kim T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pauline\u00a0 T. Kim and Erika Hanson . 2016 . People Analytics and the Regulation of Information Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act . Saint Louis University Law Journal 16 (2016), 17 \u2013 34 . Pauline\u00a0T. Kim and Erika Hanson. 2016. People Analytics and the Regulation of Information Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Saint Louis University Law Journal 16 (2016), 17\u201334.","journal-title":"Saint Louis University Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Discrimination in Online Employment Recruiting","volume":"63","author":"Kim T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pauline\u00a0 T. Kim and Sharion Scott . 2018 . Discrimination in Online Employment Recruiting . St. Louis University Law Journal 63 (2018), 93 \u2013 118 . Pauline\u00a0T. Kim and Sharion Scott. 2018. Discrimination in Online Employment Recruiting. St. Louis University Law Journal 63 (2018), 93\u2013118.","journal-title":"St. Louis University Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. CoRR abs\/1609.05807","author":"Kleinberg M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jon\u00a0 M. Kleinberg , Sendhil Mullainathan , and Manish Raghavan . 2016. Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. CoRR abs\/1609.05807 ( 2016 ). arXiv:1609.05807http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1609.05807 Jon\u00a0M. Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Manish Raghavan. 2016. Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. CoRR abs\/1609.05807 (2016). arXiv:1609.05807http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1609.05807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Reducing gender bias in Google Translate. Google Blog (6","author":"Kuczmarski James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James Kuczmarski . 2018. Reducing gender bias in Google Translate. Google Blog (6 Dec. 2018 ). James Kuczmarski. 2018. Reducing gender bias in Google Translate. Google Blog (6 Dec. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"DIMACS Workshop on Co-Development of Computer Science and Law (11","author":"Ligett Katrina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katrina Ligett and Kobbi Nissim . 2020 . Data Co-Ops: Challenges, and How to Get There . DIMACS Workshop on Co-Development of Computer Science and Law (11 November 2020). https:\/\/youtu.be\/ZZugFpAOA64 Katrina Ligett and Kobbi Nissim. 2020. Data Co-Ops: Challenges, and How to Get There. DIMACS Workshop on Co-Development of Computer Science and Law (11 November 2020). https:\/\/youtu.be\/ZZugFpAOA64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Data Cooperatives in the Real World: Progress and Challenges. Radical Exchange Conference RxC 2020 (19","author":"Ligett Katrina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katrina Ligett and Kobbi Nissim . 2020 . Data Cooperatives in the Real World: Progress and Challenges. Radical Exchange Conference RxC 2020 (19 June 2020). https:\/\/youtu.be\/vUbuOiyosjI Katrina Ligett and Kobbi Nissim. 2020. Data Cooperatives in the Real World: Progress and Challenges. Radical Exchange Conference RxC 2020 (19 June 2020). https:\/\/youtu.be\/vUbuOiyosjI"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Computer users of the world, unite. The Boston Globe (15","author":"Ligett Katrina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katrina Ligett , Kobbi Nissim , and Matt Prewitt . 2021. Computer users of the world, unite. The Boston Globe (15 October 2021 ). https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/2021\/10\/15\/opinion\/computer-users-world-unite\/ Katrina Ligett, Kobbi Nissim, and Matt Prewitt. 2021. Computer users of the world, unite. The Boston Globe (15 October 2021). https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/2021\/10\/15\/opinion\/computer-users-world-unite\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, S.\u00a0Bengio, H.\u00a0Wallach, H.\u00a0Larochelle, K.\u00a0Grauman, N.\u00a0Cesa-Bianchi, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.). Vol.\u00a031. Curran Associates","author":"Lipton Zachary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zachary Lipton , Julian McAuley , and Alexandra Chouldechova . 2018. Does mitigating ML\u2019s impact disparity require treatment disparity? . In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, S.\u00a0Bengio, H.\u00a0Wallach, H.\u00a0Larochelle, K.\u00a0Grauman, N.\u00a0Cesa-Bianchi, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.). Vol.\u00a031. Curran Associates , Inc .https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/ 2018 \/file\/8e0384779e58ce2af40eb365b318cc32-Paper.pdf Zachary Lipton, Julian McAuley, and Alexandra Chouldechova. 2018. Does mitigating ML\u2019s impact disparity require treatment disparity?. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, S.\u00a0Bengio, H.\u00a0Wallach, H.\u00a0Larochelle, K.\u00a0Grauman, N.\u00a0Cesa-Bianchi, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.). Vol.\u00a031. Curran Associates, Inc.https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2018\/file\/8e0384779e58ce2af40eb365b318cc32-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Social Epistemology, A.\u00a0Haddock, A.\u00a0Millar, and D.\u00a0Pritchard (Eds.)","author":"Lynch P.","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0 P. Lynch . 2010. Epistemic Circularity and Epistemic Incommensurability . In Social Epistemology, A.\u00a0Haddock, A.\u00a0Millar, and D.\u00a0Pritchard (Eds.) . Oxford University Press , Oxford , 262\u2013277. Michael\u00a0P. Lynch. 2010. Epistemic Circularity and Epistemic Incommensurability. In Social Epistemology, A.\u00a0Haddock, A.\u00a0Millar, and D.\u00a0Pritchard (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 262\u2013277."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations","author":"Medina Jos\u00e9","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Medina . 2013. The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression , Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations . Oxford University Press , New York, NY . Jos\u00e9 Medina. 2013. The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations. Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Big Data: A Report on Algorithmic Systems, Opportunity, and Civil Rights. Technical Report. Executive Office of the President","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Cecilia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cecilia Mu\u00f1oz , Megan Smith , and DJ Patil . 2016 . Big Data: A Report on Algorithmic Systems, Opportunity, and Civil Rights. Technical Report. Executive Office of the President , Washington, DC . https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/microsites\/ostp\/2016_0504_data_discrimination.pdf Cecilia Mu\u00f1oz, Megan Smith, and DJ Patil. 2016. Big Data: A Report on Algorithmic Systems, Opportunity, and Civil Rights. Technical Report. Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC. https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/microsites\/ostp\/2016_0504_data_discrimination.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics. Tutorial for Conf. Fairness, Accountability & Transparency (23","author":"Narayanan Arvind","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arvind Narayanan . 2018 . 21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics. Tutorial for Conf. Fairness, Accountability & Transparency (23 February 2018). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jIXIuYdnyyk Arvind Narayanan. 2018. 21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics. Tutorial for Conf. Fairness, Accountability & Transparency (23 February 2018). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jIXIuYdnyyk"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"The limits of the quantitative approach to discrimination. 2022 James Baldwin lecture","author":"Narayanan Arvind","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arvind Narayanan . 2022. The limits of the quantitative approach to discrimination. 2022 James Baldwin lecture , Princeton University ( 11 October 2022 ). https:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/\u00a0arvindn\/talks\/baldwin-discrimination\/baldwin-discrimination-transcript.pdf Arvind Narayanan. 2022. The limits of the quantitative approach to discrimination. 2022 James Baldwin lecture, Princeton University (11 October 2022). https:\/\/www.cs.princeton.edu\/\u00a0arvindn\/talks\/baldwin-discrimination\/baldwin-discrimination-transcript.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism","author":"Noble Safiya\u00a0Umoja","unstructured":"Safiya\u00a0Umoja Noble . 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism . New York University Press, New York , NY. Safiya\u00a0Umoja Noble. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Formerly Known as Facebook, to Resolve Allegations of Discriminatory Advertising: Lawsuit is the Department\u2019s First Case Challenging Algorithmic Discrimination Under the Fair Housing Act","author":"US\u00a0Department of Justice. 2022.","year":"2022","unstructured":"US\u00a0Department of Justice. 2022. Justice Department Secures Groundbreaking Settlement Agreement with Meta Platforms , Formerly Known as Facebook, to Resolve Allegations of Discriminatory Advertising: Lawsuit is the Department\u2019s First Case Challenging Algorithmic Discrimination Under the Fair Housing Act ; Meta Agrees to Change its Ad Delivery System . (21 June 2022 ). https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-secures-groundbreaking-settlement-agreement-meta-platforms-formerly-known US\u00a0Department of Justice. 2022. Justice Department Secures Groundbreaking Settlement Agreement with Meta Platforms, Formerly Known as Facebook, to Resolve Allegations of Discriminatory Advertising: Lawsuit is the Department\u2019s First Case Challenging Algorithmic Discrimination Under the Fair Housing Act; Meta Agrees to Change its Ad Delivery System. (21 June 2022). https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-secures-groundbreaking-settlement-agreement-meta-platforms-formerly-known"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Justice Department and Meta Platforms Inc. Reach Key Agreement as They Implement Groundbreaking Resolution to Address Discriminatory Delivery of Housing Advertisements. (9","author":"US\u00a0Department of Justice. 2023.","year":"2023","unstructured":"US\u00a0Department of Justice. 2023. Justice Department and Meta Platforms Inc. Reach Key Agreement as They Implement Groundbreaking Resolution to Address Discriminatory Delivery of Housing Advertisements. (9 January 2023 ). https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-and-meta-platforms-inc-reach-key-agreement-they-implement-groundbreaking US\u00a0Department of Justice. 2023. Justice Department and Meta Platforms Inc. Reach Key Agreement as They Implement Groundbreaking Resolution to Address Discriminatory Delivery of Housing Advertisements. (9 January 2023). https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-and-meta-platforms-inc-reach-key-agreement-they-implement-groundbreaking"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms that Control Money and Information","author":"Pasquale Frank","unstructured":"Frank Pasquale . 2015. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms that Control Money and Information . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA . Frank Pasquale. 2015. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms that Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Russ Shafer-Landau (Ed.). Vol.\u00a01","author":"Railton Peter","unstructured":"Peter Railton . 2006. Normative Guidance . In Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Russ Shafer-Landau (Ed.). Vol.\u00a01 . Oxford University Press , Oxford , 3\u201334. Peter Railton. 2006. Normative Guidance. In Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Russ Shafer-Landau (Ed.). Vol.\u00a01. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 3\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Using Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms. Federal Trade Commission Business Blog (8","author":"Smith Andrew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrew Smith . 2020. Using Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms. Federal Trade Commission Business Blog (8 April 2020 ). Andrew Smith. 2020. Using Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms. Federal Trade Commission Business Blog (8 April 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465416.3483305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460276.2460278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"What Lies Beneath: The Epistemic Roots of White Supremacy","author":"Toole Briana","unstructured":"Briana Toole . 2021. What Lies Beneath: The Epistemic Roots of White Supremacy . In Political Epistemology, Elizabeth Edenberg and Michael Hannon (Eds.). Oxford University Press , Oxford , 76\u201394. Briana Toole. 2021. What Lies Beneath: The Epistemic Roots of White Supremacy. In Political Epistemology, Elizabeth Edenberg and Michael Hannon (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 76\u201394."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"American Civil\u00a0Liberties Union. 2019. In Historic Decision on Digital Bias EEOC Finds Employers Violated Federal Law When They Excluded Women and Older Workers from Facebook Job Ads. Press Release. (25 September 2019). https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/press-releases\/historic-decision-digital-bias-eeoc-finds-employers-violated-federal-law-when-they  American Civil\u00a0Liberties Union. 2019. In Historic Decision on Digital Bias EEOC Finds Employers Violated Federal Law When They Excluded Women and Older Workers from Facebook Job Ads. Press Release. (25 September 2019). https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/press-releases\/historic-decision-digital-bias-eeoc-finds-employers-violated-federal-law-when-they"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Measuring Representational Harms in Image Captioning. In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Wang Angelina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Angelina Wang , Solon Barocas , Kristen Laird , and Hanna Wallach . 2022 . Measuring Representational Harms in Image Captioning. In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency ( Seoul, Republic of Korea) (FAccT \u201922). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 324\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3531146.3533099 10.1145\/3531146.3533099 Angelina Wang, Solon Barocas, Kristen Laird, and Hanna Wallach. 2022. Measuring Representational Harms in Image Captioning. In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (FAccT \u201922). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 324\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3531146.3533099"}],"event":{"name":"EAAMO '23: Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","location":"Boston MA USA","acronym":"EAAMO '23","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","SIGecom Special Interest Group on Economics and Computation"]},"container-title":["Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3617694.3623248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3617694.3623248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:36:32Z","timestamp":1750178192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3617694.3623248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3617694.3623248","10.1145\/3617694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3617694.3623248","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}